Oracle 1Z0-007 Study Guide

Exam Number: 1Z0-007
Associated Certifications: Oracle9i DBA OCA
Oracle 10g DBA OCA
Oracle 11g DBA OCA
PL/SQL Developer OCA
Exam Price: US$ 125
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Creating Views
Describe a view
Create, alter the definition, and drop a view
Retrieve data through a view
Insert, update and delete data through a view

Creating Other Database Objects
Create, maintain and use sequences
Create and maintain indexes
Create private and public synonyms

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4. What are two reasons to create synonyms? (Choose two.)
A.You have too many tables.
B.Your tables are too long.
C.Your tables have difficult names.
D.You want to work on your own tables.
E.You want to use another schema’s tables.
F.You have too many columns in your tables.
Answer: CE

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Toxic Mercury-fluorescent Lamps

We are all concerned about the environment, especially if it concerns our health. Today we are more aware of recycling programs for paper, plastic, glass, and metals. But why be concerned about recycling fluorescent lamps? It has been found that fluorescent lamps and tubes are considered hazardous waste in California when they are discarded because they contain mercury.

In 1995, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started the safe recycling and disposal of fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge (HID) lamps that are used in commercial and industrial businesses. As of February 8th, 2006 all fluorescent lamps in California must be recycled.

(Title 22, division 4.5, chapter 11, section 66261.50)

Fluorescent and high intensity discharge lamps need mercury to operate. Their energy efficiency comes from the ability of the mercury to generate ultraviolet energy.

In 2003, lamp manufacturers used some 7 tons of mercury, which ended up in lamps.

Universal wastes are usually items commonly thrown into the trash by household and large and small businesses, such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps.

The hazardous emissions happen when lamps break, a small amount of the mercury is released into the atmosphere and eventually permeates into ground water. The mercury in lamps is invisible and volatile. But airborne mercury is deposited on land and in the water. A toxic form of the metal is known as methyl mercury, which can accumulate in fish and shellfish.

With some 600 to 650 million mercury containing lamps sold in the U.S. each year, even these small amounts of mercury vapor can add up significantly. The threat of mercury toxicity has been widely reported. Many health problems are related to mercury. Therefore, the need for recycling as a means of keeping mercury from entering the ecosystem is urgent. A recycling program for the facility can significantly reduce the threat of mercury.

How do I recycle lamps?

When it comes time to choose a recycling method, facility executives have several options. The most common is to use pre-paid recycling containers. Facility executives purchase the containers, pack up spent lamps and ship them to a recycler. This way it eliminates the need for storage space, as a facility can ship used lamps immediately.

A second method is pick-up services, which offer a lamp recycling service and a lamp crushing system. The used lamps are packed into boxes or fiber drums, and a pick-up is scheduled with a recycling service.

A third way is to have a delivery truck that brings new lamps and take back the old ones, for a recycling fee. Since the truck would otherwise return to its site empty, this is a very efficient way to recycle the lamps. From an environmental standpoint, it also makes sense. Transportation is reduced and extra handling is eliminated.

The time to start a mercury lamp-recycling program is now. It is possible to begin reversing the environmental damage, and it all begins at the facility management office where facility managers can implement a recycling program.

About the Author

Kevin Hensey has been in the cleaning field for over 30 years. He is in involved with the Environmental Awareness Program in Ventura, California. He can be reached by e-mail: kevin@theyhaveit.com
Call Kevin: 805 484-9554.

Universe Table $719.99 With its beautiful tulip shaded base, the Universe table looks like an object lesson in modernism. The base is a sculpted fiberlass that is coated in pure white with a Glass top attached with a fused aluminum plate….

USB Universe USB Powered Desk Glitter Lamp,Metallic Green $9.99 USB Powered Water Filled Glitter Lamp. Give your PC a touch of glamour with this color changing glitter lamp. Perfect way to give a dull desk some sparkle. The perfect sized present for anyone with a sense of fun. Easy installation, no driver required, just plug and play. Powered by USB cable….

Valleys of Neptune (Special Edition with 2 Bonus Tracks) $48.99 Special edition includes two bonus tracks! Track listing: 1. Stone Free 2. Valleys of Neptune 3. Bleeding Heart 4. Hear My Train A Comin’ 5. Mr. Bad Luck 6. Sunshine Of Your Love 7. Lover Man 8. Ships Passing Through The Night 9. Fire 10. Red House 11. Lullaby For The Summer 12. Crying Blue Rain Bonus tracks 13. Trash Man 14. Slow Version…

Earth, Spirit, and Sky 1 As We Unfold in the Skies 2 Enlighten 3 My Princess 4 Mystic Soul of Heaven 5 Earth, Spirit, and Sky 6 Call of the Ancient 7 Existence 8 Zion…

Star Master Colorful Starry Night Cosmos Projector Bed Side Lamp $8.99 This Light Projector is not only popular science and astronomy to the children improve ability of the hands of a good assistant, but also to create a romantic surprise for your couple! Creates a larger, more brilliant light show for your viewing entertainment Put the universe back home, give you a piece of the sky changes color Auto flashing star, multi colors Decorate your room and house.Feature:…

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Antique Lamps – A Soft Intimate Glow

Bright overhead halogen light is fine, in an office, car park or airport but definitely not in that favourite room! 

You may have noticed that everything looks better by lamp light, including people!  It was Oscar Wild, that intrepid observer of life (and flatterer) who said, ”Every woman is beautiful by candle light”.

The Antique and Vintage Table Lamp Co offer a range of quality antique and Vintage Lamps to provide that soft, discreet room lighting with each lamp, a decorative and functional element.  From an interior design perspective, lamps will and can instantly remodel a room by adding atmosphere, depth and texture to an interior.   

Our homes are expressions of ourselves and we need atmosphere in which we feel most comfortable and at-home.  Table Lamp Lighting is all about atmosphere and mood, where lighting is subtle, with lamps positioned for reading, watching T.V, soft light for that pleasant dinner party, or, just to relax and recharge.

The Antique and Vintage Table Lamp Co is a boutique company which has a very specific focus on presenting one of-a kind Table Lamps, each one is unique and can never (unlike mass produced lamps) be found at a friends home and, of course, makes our home unique.  

Interior lighting, being such an important element of our lives, can be seen as the foundation of an interior with a multiple of benefits on offer. High End Table Lamps fulfill not only the need for lighting, but serve as an artistic expression and lamps, with their ability to “come to life” with light, perfectly fulfill this need and remember, antique lamps ad value over time, unlike mass production lamps which loose value over time. 

When we have achieved that “look” we have striven for, you may notice, that each time we illuminate the room; there is just that moment of wonder, that emotional response to “seeing the light”.

 

The Antique & Vintage Table Lamp Co specialise in antique Table Lamp Lighting with an on-line range of over 100 unique, antique and vintage lamps on view.

Lamps are shipped ready wired for the U.S, the U.K and Australia.

You are invited to visit their web site at www.antiquelampshop.com

© The Antique & Vintage Table Lamp Co 2009

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

About the Author

Maurice Robertson, principal of The Antique and Vintage Table Lamp Co , has had a lifetime’s association with antique porcelain and pottery,with his commercial experience spaning a period of 40 years,including as a valuer to the Australian Government’s Incentive to the Arts Scheme. His long experience with antique ceramics and glass also includes dealing with leading museums and numerous international private collections. He has extended his ceramics expertise into the quality table lamps seen on the company’s site, he is well known to local and international interior designers who have included many of his table lamps in their projects and has also supplied items of national interest to the official Sydney residence of the Australian Prime Minister.

Frenchi Furniture Swivel Coat Rack Stand in Cherry Finish $9.80 Your organized home starts at the door and this collection of coat racks offers you your choice of stylish storage solutions. Give guests a warm welcome when you place a coat rack in your hall or entryway, or make the most of a compact space by tucking one into a corner of your living room. Features like spinning tops, double and triple tiered hooks and umbrella stand bases enhance the functionali…

Krisk Bean Stringer and Slicer $5.99 This best selling French style bean slicer strings and slices runner beans in one easy action. A sharp integral blade is used to top and tail the beans quickly and efficiently….

Maxi-Matic EPM-450 Elite Tabletop Old-Fashioned 4-Ounce Kettle Popcorn Popper Machine $140.19 Family and friends can enjoy traditional hot oil kettle popcorn with elite’s classic style tabletop popcorn popper. Features include a 4-ounce stainless steel kettle with built in stirring system, plexi-glass windows and door and warming light to keep popcorn hot. Makes up to 1-1/2-gallon of popcorn per batch….

McCormack & Kreisler in Recital $7.19 All products are BRAND NEW and factory sealed. Fast shipping and 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed….

Movie Classics $14.95 BRIGHT DOUBLE NEON CLOCKS with a color neon tube on the outside and a white neon color tube in the inside, with tin sign advertisement inside! Chrome finish metal case, 12v adapter included and the clock is battery operated. (Battery not included) Good for Kids room, Recreation rooms, Restaurants, Diners, Bars, Game rooms, Garages and anyplace in the home! Available colors: Red, Blue, Orange, Gree…

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Athletic and Sports Field Lighting

RLL Design athletic and sports field lighting can be used to light any type of arena, stadium, playing field, or sports center. Similar to floodlights, they can be mounted on metal or wooden poles to provide evenly distributed, glare free lighting of game areas, spectator stands, concession areas, and areas leading from the parking lot to the stands. RLL Design athletic and sports field lights feature multi-tap ballast control in voltages of 120, 208, 240, 277, and even 408V. Athletic and sports field lighting fixtures can either be 400 or 1500 watts in strength. With such a diversity, lighting design professionals and DIY installers can build a custom sports lighting system specific to the dimensions of their facility. Such a system will use power more efficiently and produce optimal foot-candles and color rendering for nighttime arena activity.

Certain types of athletic field lighting kits can be obtained from RLL Design. These kits have been pre-configured by lighting design experts on our staff who combine their knowledge of technology with their awareness of the needs of particular, individual sports. DIY clients can benefit greatly by investing in these kits, as each kit represents a singe purchase solution to the complex demands of an entire facility. Professional contractors can save time and money doing research into local light control regulations and calculations of necessary footcandle minimums. By working in partnership with an RLL Design specialist, all of this information can be readily passed to the contractor at the time of purchase. Professionals can assure their clients that the sports lighting kits they propose meet with all safety requirements for a particular game and dark sky laws intended to limit light pollution in various areas.

DIY lighting installers can rely on RLL Design’s trained team of experts to educate them in all pertinent light pollution laws, and to calculate optimal lighting levels needed for your athletic field. This makes your ultimate choice of a lighting kit or custom lighting system more seamless, as our consulting process will quickly determine which poles, mounts, and fixture types are most needed to fulfill your requirements. This reservoir of knowledge represents a professional level skill set available to the end user at the time of purchase at no additional charge. Extensive, ongoing consultation can also be arranged if necessary for a small, reasonable fee.

When looking to obtain sports field lighting fixture, poles, and accessories in any of the following athletic environments, it is best for both professional designers and DIY installers to rely on experts familiar with safety, power savings, and light pollution laws in order to avoid wasting time and possibly miscalculating one or two line items and buying the wrong equipment.

Soccer Field Lighting

Soccer field sports lighting depends a great deal on the height of the poles you choose, which is why RLL Design inventories a wide range of poles and pole mounting accessories so you can position your athletic field lights at that appropriate levels. RLL Design will assess the dimensions of your field, the nature of the surrounding property, and the lighting requirements in your community. We will then combine this data and develop the schematic for your soccer field lighting system. This makes choosing fixtures, mounts, and poles much more efficient and cost effective for both the professional and DIY installer alike.

Baseball Field Lighting

RLL Design baseball lighting fixtures feature sophisticated optics and advanced reflectors that generate superior lumens per watt output in comparison to competing models. The advantage this offers becomes immediately clear when smaller facilities and organizations can invest in smaller sports lighting fixtures and achieve the same results as inferior grade fixtures operating at higher wattages and temperatures. Professional designers can point out that safer conditions and more efficient use of power carry a built-in return on investment, giving their proposal stronger negotiating power when bidding on jobs for municipalities, little league associations, churches, and summer camps.

Softball Field Lighting

Softball field athletic lighting fixtures feature advanced anodized reflectors in 2, 4, 5, or 6 optic measurements engineered to increase lumens per watt output. This brings a competitive advantage to situations where clients are operating on tight budgets. Often, recreational softball fields require only 400W fixtures strategically positioned for effective lighting. This energy efficiency of a lower wattage system allows contractors to win bids in even the most competitive environments, and opens the doors for them to service everyone from small churches, rural school districts, and homeowners associations.

Volleyball Court Lighting

Most recreational volleyball courts can be lit with a general area sports lighting kit. Fixtures feature high-pressure sodium lights that provide excellent illumination and also work to repel insects. Clients who cannot afford custom lighting system design can still light their recreational courts with RLL Design’s helpful experts and prefab volleyball lighting kits.

Basketball Court Lighting

Metal Halide sports lights from RLL Design can make any basketball court look like a professional, all-star court regardless of size or location. Basketball court lights feature 400W and 1000W forward die cast fixtures, Davit style mounting brackets, and mounting hardware and base cover. With the help of an RLL Design expert, both professionals and DIY lighting installers can custom build a sports lighting system for any outdoor basketball court. Professionals can streamline their proposals with expert advice and special athletic lighting kits designed for recreational, half-sized, and full-size basketball courts, or they can custom design systems for any client by purchasing fixtures, mounts, and a wide variety of light poles separately with the help of their RLL Design representative.

Rodeo & Horse Arena Lighting

Horse arena and rodeo lights come in 400W and 1000W MH Lamps that feature a powder coated die cast housing with a formed aluminum lid. Made to weather extremes of temperature in all US geographies, these full cutoff sports lighting fixtures also feature tempered flat glass lenses and gaskets with clamp band glare shielding. Engineered for flexibility in lighting design, equestrian sports lighting fixtures can be customized separately or purchased in a variety of kits for DIY installation.

Golf Course & Driving Range Lighting

RLL Design golf lights feature Solite-tempered, impact resistant glass. Halogen lamps provide clear lighting of greens throughout all hours of the night. Longer bulb life of up to 10,000 hours minimizes replacement costs, and added value comes to high-end clients who can adjust the level of lighting themselves to create soft lighting or even seasonal lighting effects for special events and holidays.

Football Field Lighting Fixtures

Football field athletic lighting fixtures feature lamps made of fine, tempered glass. Because football field lighting systems are normally highly individualized, RLL Design provides a wide variety of poles with 2, 3, or 4 light angle cross arm bars to build custom lighting systems. More precision in building custom systems with the help of RLL Design professional results in greater control of light pollution and minimal glare for players and spectators. RLL Design specialists are experts in foot-candle plotting and can even help you design an athletic field lighting system for a multi-function facility so you or your client can enjoy year-round use of the grounds during the off-season.

Tennis Court Lighting

Tennis court lighting kits are designed by RLLD sports lighting experts to produce optimal footcandle levels and excellent color rendering. A variety of optical systems and sophisticated reflectors keep the light centered in the court and avoid spilling it into surrounding buildings and homes. A wide range of poles allows for precise positioning of tennis lights to allow you to clearly see both the court and the ball in play. Custom systems can also be developed with the help of an RLL Design consultant to ensure full compliance of United States Tennis Court and Track Building Association.

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rlldesign.com
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Athletic and Sports Field Lighting
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MLS Washington D.C. United 16 Ounce Travel Mug $12.82 On your way to the office? Attending the big game? No matter how your schedule looks, this D.C. United Travel Mug is the perfect way to carry your favorite beverage. Features a vibrantly colored D.C. United graphic all the way around the mug to ensure you sport your United loyalty….

MLS Vancouver Whitecaps FC 16 Ounce Travel Mug $7.79 Soccer has a long, rich history as being one of the most popular sports in Europe, and now it’s graced the USA. Toast your favorite team with this Vancouver Whitecaps travel mug from WinCraft™. It holds 16 oz of hot liquid and keeps it warm thanks to double-wall insulation. The spill-resistant lid keeps your beverage secure, while colorful graphics let everyone know you’re a true fan….

Movie Classics $14.95 BRIGHT DOUBLE NEON CLOCKS with a color neon tube on the outside and a white neon color tube in the inside, with tin sign advertisement inside! Chrome finish metal case, 12v adapter included and the clock is battery operated. (Battery not included) Good for Kids room, Recreation rooms, Restaurants, Diners, Bars, Game rooms, Garages and anyplace in the home! Available colors: Red, Blue, Orange, Gree…

Genie of the Lamp [VHS] $11.58 Genie of the Lamp is a fun clip-show video showcasing a diverse number of skateboarding styles. There are dramatic shots of vert skating–although the emphasis is on street skating–at official skate parks as well as ad-hoc spots in several U.S. cities like Seattle and San Diego. There are also clips of breathtaking tricks in competitions, which are pulled off by pros such as Chad Muska and Bob Bu…

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Glass Work Masterpiece

Glass Blowing Torches or Lampworking is one of the most popular techniques in making glass products at home or in business. The process in fabricating this unique creation can be easily done by following simple procedures.

Glass Blowing Torches is also dubbed as lampworking. It is a science of shaping a particular glass to achieve the desired form. This type of glass work undergoes the process of melting rods and tubes of cleared and colored glass by the use of gas fueled torch .It is one of the most popular art form which utilizes a unique technique.

The art of lampworking was first practiced by the people in Italy during the 14th century. It was done by manually blowing the air into the oil lamp flame through a pipe. Many lamp work techniques were extended for the production of glass dishes, torches, and sculpture. The old ways were now changed into easiest procedure to create lamp glass art. In some countries, most artists usually utilize propane, natural gas, butane, and fuel gas as oxidizers to burn the torches. Some of the experts utilized systematic glass blowing to produce large pieces of glass arts.

A lamp worker is a person who plans the making of art glass in careful manner. The blower of glass is also billed as “gaffers”. Lamp working also identified as flame working or torch is employed to create scientific tools in chemistry and laboratory procedures. There are general methods in making fine molded glass art applying glass blowing torches.

Here’s basic lampworking procedure:
• Put the glass tube or rod slowly into the fire in order to avoid breakage due to thermal shock.
• Heat the glass until partially soften.
• You can use a coated steel cylindrical arbor that can be cut around the glass and create a base head. This covering is a bead release that tolerates the bead to be detached from the arbor in an easy manner.
• Put your glass work in a place where there is an equal temperature to avoid it from shattering.
• Using modern techniques and exclusive materials, you can ornament your finish glass work and create more remarkable products.

Annealing is the next procedure after partially molding the work piece. Annealing involves heating a piece with appropriate temperature in an oven. The temperature to pre-heat the glass piece must be enough to arrive at a stress-relief point. This point is a temperature wherein the glass is extremely hard to bend however should be adequately soft for stresses to slacken off. Then, the piece should be allowed to heat-soak until heat temperature becomes uniform. The heating time duration is dependent on the thickness of glass section.

Lastly, the product must be slowly cooled at appropriate temperature rate which is below the critical point that won’t cause internal pressures or breakage. Afterwards, this art piece can be now lowered down to room temperature. The less relieve of internal pressures is a result of a long lasting art glass piece. Annealing is one of the important factors in flame working; this will avoid shattering or cracking of glass piece due to minor change of temperature.

The Classic Colored Glass
You can make a classy yet colorful glass piece by adding metals, metal oxides and other compound upon melting the glass tube or rod. The physical properties of glass use high concentration of coloring agent to produce a color changed. Colored glass adds distinctive outlook to its quality. The best kind of color for glass blowing is the one that is not changed when the glass is heated.

Two Types of Glass Division:
1. Dependent on chemical composition
2. Dependent on temperature

Dependent on Chemical composition is a type of colored glass for glass blowing that won’t alter during glass pre-heating. These colors are in the array spectrum of purple-blue-green. In general, the dependent on temperature colored glass for glass blowing comes in red, yellow, and opal. They have the least usage in glass blowing because most of these types loss its color after being heated. Glass blown products are more commonly seen in the scientific glass blowing industry.

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Star Lights And Paper Lanterns For Home Decoration

For many people, redecorating is just too much trouble.  Just the thought of reconfiguring a room is too much for some people.  Repainting is time-consuming and tedious, while replacing furniture gets expensive and requires a designer’s eye to make it work right.

There are tons of easy ways to add some spice and drama to a room in need of a facelift.  Throw pillows can perk up a sofa and make it look updated and more exotic.  A throw rug strategically placed can bring some color in and draw the eye toward the floor.  Paintings or photos framed and hung can also be used to fill out a space and make it feel more personal.

But perhaps the easiest solution to the decoration problem is through the use of accent lighting.  Hanging lights add color, drama, and depth.  They are typically inexpensive and come in a huge variety of shapes, sizes and colors.  Adding lighting accents doesn’t necessarily require special tools and an electrician license.  Star lights and paper lanterns are an easy and inexpensive way to liven things up.

You may have seen star lights featured as design elements on HGTV, or in the background of your favorite TV show.   A star light is a versatile paper lantern made in India.  Featuring anywhere from 5 to 9 points, a star light can be a simple one-color affair, or a dramatic, multicolor work of art.

Some of these cool paper lanterns even have parts that have been cut out and replaced with tissue paper.   Each star is meticulously assembled by hand by skilled artisans in India.  Geometric shapes are laid out, printed, then small pieces of the star are removed using a razor knife.

Brightly colored tissue paper is then cut individually to size and pasted to the backside of the star paper. The result is a stunning paper lantern that glows from within when lit as though it were made of stained glass.

Best of all, star lights do not require special rewiring.  Using a simple hanging lantern cord, your star light can be added simply by plugging an electric cord into a wall socket.  Using a swag hood set inconspicuously in the ceiling near a corner of the room, you can hang a single star light or clusters of paper lanterns to make more of a statement.

Star lights and paper lanterns are ideal for adding a sense of depth to the bedroom, living room, kids room or even a dorm room.  With literally hundreds of designs in every color of the rainbow, there really is a star light for any room.

A simple paper lantern can cost less than $5 online.  Most star lights and paper lanterns are shipped flat and pop open easily with minimal effort.  Once assembled, your star light or paper lantern can be hung and ready to use in less than 10 minutes.

$5 plus 10 minutes equals an easy and affordable way to add some flavor to any room in need of some color or light.

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If you want more Information about star lantern and star lights please visit us .

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Intelligent Solar Lamps for Rural India

INTELLIGENT SOLAR LAMPS FOR RURAL INDIA

S. N . Singh , Dr A .K .Singh *

Department of Electronics Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering *

NIT , Jamshedpur  831014

Jharkhand (India)

Phone : + 91-9835171619 (M)

e-mail :  snsnitjsr@sify.com

e-mail :  akselect2006@yahoo.co.in*

Abstract

Solar powered lightening system is becoming popular in remote isolated Indian villages. The design and construction principle of a solar lamp is presented in this paper. It investigates the performance characteristic of the proposed system. The paper also presents the comparison of the proposed solar lantern with conventional lightening systems, hurricane lantern and candle, in terms of cost and performance. The Impact of these systems in the life of the Indian villagers has been reflected in terms of parameters like employment generation, their  educational and economic status etc.

Introduction

Lightening is essentially required for a human being in his living place wherever it might be. There are places in remote Indian villages where grid supply is not possible due to technical and economic reasons . An alternative source of lightening may be used in such isolated remote areas. The operation of alternative source should not be sophisticated one so that rural people can easily operate. In the present study solar lamp has been used to meet the lightening system requirement of these remote villages. The constructional features and performance characteristic of the new proposed solar lamp has been presented .The comparison between new proposed lamp with other conventional lightening system, hurricane lamps and candle is also presented in terms of construction, performance characteristic and cost [1,2,3 ].

Conventional sources of lightening

The conventional sources of lightening used in a rural home are usually of two types:

i)          Hurricane

ii)         Candle

The hurricane lantern is made of steel. It has a reservoir/tank of fuel. The usual fuel is kerosene. The flame is produced by firing a cotton feather, which absorb kerosene from the fuel tank. The flame is covered by a tubular glass. The life of these lamps are 5 years

A candle is made of wax. It provides light for 20 hour or more depending on the size of candle. In the present study a candle of 25 cm height and 5 cm diameter has been used which give light for 20 hours.

Technology of Solar Lantern

Solar lamp consists of following components/modules as shown in Fig (1)

§  PV module 3W/10W – 6V/12V

§  Battery 4.5/7.5AH

§  Power Converter 230V,10W

§  Lamp (LEDS) 10W

§  Intelligent Controller

The source of the energy of the proposed lantern is the DC electricity produced by a solar panel during insolation period. The energy is stored in a battery which supplies power to lamp (LEDS) working as a load.

A voltage regulator circuit controls the charging of the battery. The low voltage protection circuit is incorporated to prevent the battery from deep discharging (SOC=50%)

 An inverter circuit converts DC voltage to sinusoidal PWM AC waveforms with 95 % efficiency and THD less than 2%.

The unique feature of the innovative intelligent solar lamp is its controlled delivery of power through intelligent action of the control switches to regulate the intensity of lamps as per requirement

PV

Inverter

Battery

Intelligence   Controller

Load (Lamp)

 

Fig (1) Schematic Diagram of Solar Lamp

Illumination Level of   Lamps

The output power in terms of illumination of solar lamp and its comparative study with conventional Lamps have been shown in Fig (2)

Fig (2) Comparison of illumination level of solar powered lamp, hurricane lamp and candle lamp

 

Cost Analysis of Different Lamps

The cost of    solar lantern include the cost of different  accessories which include Voltage Control Unit, Low voltage protection Circuit , Inverter LEDS, Casing and SMF Battery etc. In the cost analysis of hurricane lamp its life time is considered   as 5 year. The consumption of kerosene is 40 ml per hour and is used for 4 hour a day for lightening purpose. The cost of candle is also evaluated considering 4 hours of illumination each day.

The annual repayment cost of different types of the lamps is given in Table 5 

Table (5) Cost of different type of Lamps

Lightening Lamps

Life cycle

Annual Expenditure (Rs.)

10 Watt Solar Lantern

20 year

1750=00

Hurricane Lamp

1-5 year

2000=00

Candle

20 hour

2500=00

 

Experimental Investigation on Solar Lamps

(A) The out put power generated by PV Source   during insolation is presented in Table (1)

Table (1) PV Source Output (watt)

Time

PV Output (watt)

6:30 am

1

7:00am

2

8:00 am

4

9:00 am

8

10:00 am

10

11:00 am

11

12:00 Noon

12

1:00 pm

10

2:00 pm

8

3:00 pm

7

4:00 pm

6

5:00 pm

3

6.30 pm

1

(B) The 10W solar panel charges 6V/4.5AH single SMF battery. The charging of battery is done in two modes of operation i.e. trickle and boost for both cloudy and sunny day. Table (2)

presents the SOC of the battery depicting the voltage and charging current.

Table (2) Development of charges in battery connected to 10W PV panel

Time

Battery voltage (volt) / current

Cloudy day

Sunny day

6:30 am

4.57V/0.04A

3.98V/0.06A

7:00 am

5.80 / 0.06

5.00 / 0.07

8:00 am

5.80 / 0.12

5.50 / 0.09

9:00 am

5.90 / 0.14

5.60 / 0.12

10:00 am

5.95 / 0.24

5.70 / 0.13

11:00 am

6.00 / 0.22

5.75 /0.20

12:00 Noon

6.50 / 0.20

5.80  /0.23

1:00 pm

6.10 / 0.17

6.10 / 0.30

2:00 pm

6.20 / 0.16

6.20/ 0.20

3:00 pm

6.20 / 0.15

6.30/ 0.10

4:00 pm

6.25 / 0.04

6.30 / 0.09

5:00 pm

6.30 / 0.01

6.30 / 0.03

(C) The output power in terms of illumination was measured in Lux at different distances from the solar lantern and observations as recorded is given in Table (3.)

Table (3) Illumination Data of Solar Lamps

Distance (cm)

Voltages (Volt )

7.0

4.5

1.5

30

350

240

80

61

100

80

19

91

50

43

10

122

45

30

8

152

40

22

7

183

30

18

6

213

20

12

5

274

11

11

5

305

8

8

5

335

6

6

5

 

Utilization of Solar Lamps and Socio- Economic Impact Study

A study was carried out to analyze the benefit of use of solar lantern in different  remote village houses  of East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand State ( India) [ 4 ] .The Database was  obtained with the interview of approximately 1000 villagers in different  villages of the District under study, where such Lightening system were implemented, through a pre-structure questionnaire  to record data and analyze the impact of solar Lamps on their socio economic development  and  the findings were concludes as presented in Table (6)

Table (6) Impact of Solar Lamps in the society of village

Parameters

Benefits

(% Increase)

Employment Generation

50%

Educational Status

30%

Economic Status

40%

Communication

10%

Health Awareness

30%

Clinic

5%

Animal Population

20%

Rural Cottage Industries

50%

The study reveals that the use of solar Lamp can give further  benefit to villagers in many ways such as their  children can do school work till late in the evening . Barbers   can open their shops till late night.

Basket weavers can devote more time under solar light during evening hours and can increase their productivity.

 

A Basket  weavers in a Solar Rural House of Bodam Village In Patamda Block of East Singhbhoom District of Jharkhand State (India)

Villagers can prepare their food under solar light during night hour. Aganbari centers can be run under solar light to conduct Distance Education OBC Literacy classes of National Open School (Government  of India)  for school drop-outs children or vocational linked Literacy classes for  neo literate adult persons. Training programme of need oriented vocational courses can be arranged by Jan Shikhan Sansthan (Sponsored organization of Government of India)  for potential youths specially for Tribal villagers and other weaker section of society for self employment or wage employment.

The author is  distributing the certificate on successful completion of a training  programme on basket weaving  to tribal villagers in Patamda Block of East Singhbhoom District of Jharkhand State  .

People can walk from one place to another place during night hours also. Tele-communication (WLL) services can be started in solar light powered community centers. Tailor shop can be opened during night hours.

A solar powered Lamp in a Tailor Shop in Koladoba Village in Ghatsila Block of East Singhbhoom District  of Jharkhad State (India)

Self employment can be generated in villages and thus potential youths can supplement their family  income.

A village potential youth running a cycle repair shop under solar powered lightening house in  Patamada Block of the District East Sighbhoom of Jharkhand State

The death rate can be reduced which are caused by snake bites due to darkness during evening hours .Village Health centers can be made operative during evening hours  by Government Doctors   People can be educated on general education through awareness programme  in solar light powered Panchayat Bhawan of villages by NGOs. Goatary, ,Piggery and Poultry Farms can be powered with solar lights  Small scale farmers producing cottage industry products (like agarbati , Jam and Jelly , Papad etc) can substantiate their family income. Thus more and more employment can be generated for potential youths in rural villages and migration of these  potential youths from  villages can be stopped.

The government of India and state Government  agency are taking initiative and  are providing the solar lamps at subsidised rate to the villagers through Block offices of every  district /

DRDA of Jharkhand state and many other states of our country .

 

 

Conclusion

Solar lamps are gaining popularity in remote villages due to its portability and light in weight. It produces pollution free clean   light source energy as compared to conventional lamps, hurricane and candles.

In this paper the design, construction and performance characteristic of different types of lamps have been presented and comparison of cost on yearly basis between all type of lamps have been done It is clearly observed that solar lantern is much cheaper than other lamps, hurricane and candles. More ever it produces more illumination without any operational hazard

The study reveals that use of intelligent solar lamps as proposed for lightening system have resulted in a significant impact on the lives of rural population allowing them to replace their poor quality kerosene lamps producing toxic gasses with more efficient safer and pollution free solar lamps

LITERATURE

1. M. Alam et al Solar Power Lantern, B.Sc Engg Thesis 199 B HUET, Dhake
2. J.E Kanman et al IES Lightening handbook. Reference volume 1981 Illuminating engineering society of North America
3. Q Ah San “Solar Power Lantern for Flood Affected Area” IEEE 2000 page 487 – 492.

1. www.jharkhand.nic.in

About the Author

S. N . Singh , Dr A .K .Singh *
Department of Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical Engineering *
NIT , Jamshedpur 831014
Jharkhand (India)
Phone : + 91-9835171619 (M)
e-mail : snsnitjsr@sify.com
e-mail : akselect2006@yahoo.co.in*

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