How can you record from a 78 rpm record?

What I need are formular for strobe discs and sugestions for pick ups, if you think you can help read on.
I have a turn Table that I can feed into my pc via the sound card or to a tape recorder. But it only runs at either 33 or 45 rpm not 78rpm as is required for the older shellac discs, I think it should be reasonably easy to replace the motor with a electric motor for a model plane and use a speed controller to set the rpm, but
1) what is the angular spacing for the lines on a strobe disc so they appear static at 78 rpm under a 50Hz lamp or whatis the formular to work this out.
2) what sort of needle and pick up cartridge will I need to play 78′s
Or 3) would I be better off electrifiying the broken wind up gramaphone I have and fitting a mic to the speaker if so where can I buy new steel needles for ir or alternativly what is the correct angle to re grind used needles or piano wire to, to make new ones?

Instead of trying to record them yourself get in touch with the British Museum’s library section. While it is well known that they receive a copy of every book published they also collect music.
They supplied me with a recording of a really obscure 78 record for a very reasonable price and they probably have copies of the 78′s you want to record that will be in better condition than your own and they can professionally record.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: database, linux, programming, reference, table lamp for reading, webdesign

Tags: database, linux, programming, reference, table lamp for reading, webdesign

DDLC – Document Development Life Cycle

So far you have been acquainted with SDLC-Software Development Life Cycle, the cyclic process in Software Engineering  that sets an order for the work flow, but today, another kid has born on the block—DDLC. DDLC stands for Document Development Life Cycle, surprised! I’m sure you must have thought Database instead of Document but the Document is absolutely right here.

Today words have become everything and until something is communicated in an emphatic manner, no one has time to hear what you have developed. So companies have finally rose to uplift the most ignored part of software Development Life cycle, documentation as an important, in fact very important aspect. This has given way to Technical writers not just breather but a respected job at work. Earlier most of the Tech-Writers used to work on contract basis or as a freelancer. But now, scene has changed and the writers are not only being paid highly but also getting all due importance. So in this article, let’s see what are the phases a technical writer goes through to create a document?

• Requirement Analysis
• Designing
• Developing
• Testing
• Publishing
• Maintaining

Requirement Analysis –This is the initial stage where the technical writer gathers all the requisite stuff and then analyses the actual requirement. The available matter must be properly mapped with the requirement so that right from the start, flow moves in right direction and each passing hour can be counted towards completion of the task.

The writer meets the Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and coders of the application several times to gain the understanding of scope of software and main features. Most of the writers believe that one meeting should be enough, but I think that every time you meet the experts, more functionality of the application gets unfolded. Simply because, initially only user level functions are told, then slowly in further meetings, developer reveals the way each component functions. The depth knowledge of the environment, end users, and related functionality helps writer understand the project well. And well understood project can be document in best way.

Here only interviewing the experts is not sufficed, the writer must use the software to gain the details of functionality. The entire analysis should be noted down in legible format. This will later be very handy and while documenting, no more rounds of SMEs or developers would be needed.

Designing – This phase is very important as it creates the skeleton for the document. Right from the cover page to summary to Table of Content (TOC) to actual text to glossary to Index, here a design is created. For example, if you are using Microsoft Word 2007, then you just need to place the skeletons of TOC and Index. Later as you keep writing, these tables get updated provided you click update option.

In the design phase, you have all the structure ready and only the content is missing. Once you are ready with design, a rough view of document’s shape starts emerging.

Developing – This phase is the actual writing phase. If you were writing a rough document, you would have started from this phase and ended here only. Here actual text is written and if TOC and Index is being maintained, the titles, book marks, references are established along with writing. Writing also means placing tables, images, titles, notes, detailed elaboration etc.

The development phase although enjoys the central place, still it shines when associated and mapped with rest of the phases exactly as planned.

Testing – As the title implies, this phase comes after you have written the document and have updated all the tables including TOC and Index. Clicking a particular heading in the TOC must take the control to connected page. Further links and hyperlinks should be well connected and checked. Apart from these tests, grammatical check, punctuation check, and regular flow of sentences, and sensible phrases, are natural test elements.

Remember, if a link does not work properly, you can be reprieved, but as a technical writer, any grammatical error or flaw in the flow of sentence cannot be taken lightly by any means.

The document for software normally follows a style guide which tells how a title should be written or paragraphs should be framed. So the used of style guide must be adhered by heart.

Once tested for aforementioned regulations, a document is sent to the SMEs and Software coders who then read the document between the lines to confirm that what is written is exactly what happens. Any problem reported is communicated to writer who then ensures the veracity of words.

Publishing – Once all the text is well framed, managed, and proof read, it is ready for publishing. If the document is going to be published outside the company, it’s suggested to take a printout of the document and see how it will look after printing. As once the printing is done at big level, any change will cost too much and also will affect your reputation as a technical writer because the writer is not just responsible for creating docs but also for the proper formatting. The writer must ensure that the document is apt for reading and suits the eyes of reader. Font selection, size choice, and usage of brightness in pictures are few points that can turn an odd looking document into a masterpiece.

Maintenance – As usual, this is the longest and perhaps never ending phase. It includes addition, deletion, and update of the document. If more features are added to the software, they must be added in a highlighting manner so that existing readers can directly pay attention to the newly added stuff.

In case if the authoring tool has been upgraded, the writer must learn new features and incorporate them into existing document and so on.

The aforementioned phases have always been followed but in an unknowingly manner. Now we have an idea, why not stick to the phases and ensure that the output is absolutely wonderful and professional.

Prashant Shrivastava

About the Author

I’m a software engineer and a freelance writer.
I own few websites:
www.friendstime.com
www.india16.com

Real-Time Systems $84.94 This valuable reference provides a comprehensive treatment of the technology known as RMA (rate-monotonic analysis) method. It also covers the tremendous recent advances in real-time operating systems and communications networks—emphasizing research results that have been adopted in state-of-the-art systems. Describing how and discussing why, this book uses insightful illustrative examples to c…

Programming with Quartz: 2D and PDF Graphics in Mac OS X (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics) $44.18 Written by members of the development team at Apple, Programming with Quartz is the first book to describe the sophisticated graphics system of Mac OS X. By using the methods described in this book, developers will be able to fully exploit the state-of-the-art graphics capabilities of Mac OS X in their applications, whether for Cocoa or Carbon development. This book also serves as an introduction …

---

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: book, c++, programming, reference, tutorial

Tags: book, c++, programming, reference, tutorial

Decorative Table Lamps: How to Determine the Best Choice?

Almost all of us would agree that Decorative Lamps are essential in any household. But our concept would definitely vary when we speak of the lamp’s size. Our tastes and perspectives would vary too when we choose what lamps would suit our mood and our lifestyle.

So, how should you choose a table lamps and does size even matter?

Decorative lampposts are something to think about when you just bought a house and want to decorate it according to your imagination. Should you re-decorate your home, you may opt in using some decorative lampposts.

In selecting a lamppost, you need to think about the color and design that will complement the room where it’s going to be located. When it stands alone, a lamppost in cast iron finish looks fancy but can look out of place in a room that is funky in design. The next thing you need to consider is if the lamp has effective lighting. Effective lighting goes a long way in lighting up the colors of your room.

Other factors to consider in choosing a lamp include your budget, and if the lamp is easy to operate and maintain. Then you also need to consider the material of your table lamp. If you have small children, shying away from Glass Lamps is probably your best option.

Size does matter in the choice of table lamp. Certainly, a large table lamp will look odd in the corner of a small room, where every corner must be effectively utilized. Height matters too.

The first thing to consider before purchasing a table lamp for its height is basically the table to where the lamp will sit on. If you’re dealing with side tables, it’s commonly a good idea to ensure that the lamp does not exceed three feet in height. We must always bear in mind that the lamp is there to light the room and its prevailing decors. If you buy the tallest lamp in the store, it will stick out like a sore thumb. If you have larger tables, it would still be ideal to buy lamps that below four feet. Visitors might be distracted with exaggerated-sized and monstrous-looking ones.

Some might think that Table Lamp Height is subject to our personal tastes, but actually, both common and design sense should be the only determining factors in choosing a lamp’s height. It is still our option in selecting what lamps suit us. We are the ones who know what is best for us and what is best for our homes.

Bear in mind that lamps stand as good fixtures in the home. Thus, your lamp should complement your home as well as your furnishings. It is very essential to note that table lamps must complement the other light fixtures of your home. If you try doing this, this will help unify the other elements to have a dazzling decorative effect. Check some interior decorating magazines to give you suggestion on what table lamp to choose.

About the Author

Elaine Edwards is an expert in Decorative Table Lamps and writes several articles and papers about this topic. She would welcome any feedback or queries you may need about the information contained within this article.

Secura Halogen Infrared Turbo Convection Countertop Oven, Deluxe Package W/extender Ring;tong;cook Racks 777MH $96.05 Secura turbo oven uses infrared heating and convection fan to cook food fast and evenly. No need to thaw frozen meat, no need to add oil, saves energy than traditional oven and cooks healthy food in half the time. The oven can broil, roast, bake, grill, barbecue, fry, steam. Manual dial switches Power, timer indicator lights Easy to operate: Just select and set both time and temperature Close to m…

Secura Digital Halogen Infrared Turbo Convection Countertop Oven, Deluxe Package w/Extender Ring;Tong;Cook Racks 798DH $139.99 Secura digital turbo oven uses infrared heating and convection fan to cook food fast and evenly. No need to thaw frozen meat, no need to add oil, saves energy than traditional oven and cooks healthy food in half the time. The oven can broil, roast, bake, grill, barbecue, fry, steam. Double safety power switch Elegant and innovative design Easy to operate: just select and set both time and temper…

White and Pink Beaded Multi Cake Stand $39.99 A beautiful cake stand that’s able to hold one large cake and up to 6 smaller cupcakes or tarts. The soft white finish on the base is accented with clear faux crystal beads and sparkling pink dangles. The smaller trays jut elegantly out from beneath the main tray. Made of food safe materials….

8 Inch, Indus Classic, Lot of 2 Himalayan Rock Crystal Salt Lamps 7~10 Lbs Comes with Shrink Wrapped, Cord, Bulbs. Get Free 125 Grams Gourmet Pink Edible Food Grade Salt. $26.25 Authorized online retailer of IndusClassic brand is only TigerDive. Indus Classic brings for Special Mother day Gifts for you from HIMALAYA. Whether you are seeking a decorative devotional collectible for your personal enjoyment, or a very unique gift for those you love, place your orders and you will amazed with our professional service and romantic and unique and Natural product! LAMPS come with…

1988 Summer Olympics Album: One Moment in Time $9.47 Includes matching wood canopy and 8′ of black cord…

---

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: design, furniture, lamp, lighting, programming, table lamps, table lamps cheap, table lamps contemporary, table lamps for living room, table lamps lighting

Tags: design, furniture, lamp, lighting, programming, table lamps, table lamps cheap, table lamps contemporary, table lamps for living room, table lamps lighting

I have a rawhide shade and rustic lighting factory in Peru & want to find an ebay consultant to set me on ebay

I have in stock 1000s of rawhide chandelier shades in 4 styles and hundreds of stock Table and floor lamp rawhide shades in stock in a warehouse in Florida. I’m looking at putting everything up on ebay to boom sales and want to find an experienced consultant to guide me in doing so.

Get into yellow pages in the country of your choice. If in USA, Canada, and other European countries, yellow pages are noticed.
Also, go to Yahoo search or Google search and search for light dealers. There you will get plenty and more light companies and send them emails immediately. Good luck. My commission is 5% of each deal. I will tell you how to credit this to my account !!!

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: database, linux, programming, reference, table lamp guide, webdesign

Tags: database, linux, programming, reference, table lamp guide, webdesign

The Technical Terms in Motion Capture

A) Pre – Production

Scene : A scene or script is a numbered part of a film script, which may be broken down into parts in longshot, medium-shot, close-up, etc by the director when shooting. A master scene is a fairly long length of the script, all under one number, which the director will certainly break down later. He or she may, however, take the whole of a master scene first, then shoot closeups of the various characters to cut in with this later. In animation the basic unit of continuous action, usually shot on one background, from which a film is built up.

Script : The detailed scene-by-scene instructions for a film or television production, including description of setting and action with dialogue and camera directions. When the script also has full details of visuals it is termed a ‘storyboard’.

Storyboard : A form of shooting script common for animated films for many years and now usually used for commercials, even live-action ones. It consists of a series of sketches showing key positions for every scene, with dialogue and descriptive notes below. Still used in animation.

================================================================

B) Production

2D Animation : The creation of moving pictures in a two-dimensional environment, such as through “traditional” cel animation or in computerized animation software. This is done by sequencing consecutive images, or “frames”, that simulate motion by each image showing the next in a gradual progression of steps. The eye can be “fooled” into perceiving motion when these consecutive images are shown at a rate of 24 frames per second or faster. 3D

Animation : The creation of moving pictures in a three-dimensional digital environment. This is done by sequencing consecutive images, or “frames”, that simulate motion by each image showing the next in a gradual progression of steps, filmed by a virtual “camera” and then output to video by a rendering engine. The eye can be “fooled” into perceiving motion when these consecutive images are shown at a rate of 24 frames per second or faster.

Character animation : The art of making an animated figure move like a unique individual; sometimes described as acting through drawings. The animator must “understand how the character’s personality and body structure will be reflected in its movements.

Character model : A sheet of drawings defining the proportions, shape, clothing etc. of a character for the guidance of animators.

Computer animation : The technique of using computers to generate moving pictures. Some systems can achieve this in real-time (25 frames per second-or in the USA 30fps), but the majority of animation is created one frame at a time and then edited into a continuous sequence. Very sophisticated programs are required to perform the tasks of movement, fairing, perspective, hidden-surface removal, colouring, shading and illumination, and as the trend increases towards more realistic images, faster computers are needed to process the millions of computations required for each frame. The term “computer animation” covers a broad range of subjects, but overall can be defined as the creation of moving images through the use of computers. These images can be created in either a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space, and can be applied to web design, user interface design, application development, video games, movies, special effects, cartooning, and many others.

Computer graphics : Charts, diagrams, drawings and other pictorial representations that are computer generated.

Effects animation : The animation of non-character movements such as rain, smoke, lightning, water, etc.

Go-Motion : Similar to ‘Stop-Motion’, but the animation is produced by rods attached to the pupet/creature, which can be programmed by a computer to perform the required movement. The advantage over stop-motion is that a lot more realistic movement can be created, because the puppet/creature blurs slightly between each frame. The disadvantage is that the rods attached to the creature need to be hidden from view (e.g. using the blue-screen process)

In Between : The paper drawing of a figure that lies in sequence between two key positions drawn by an animator.

Key frame animation : The animator ‘draws’ directly onto the CRT display and produces a basic picture or cell. A number of these drawings can then be superimposed on one another to form a composite cell or key frame. Many of these key frames can be made up and stored in the computer to be called up and used as required. The action of the film can be created by stringing together the series of key frames, and introducing the desired movements between one frame and the next. Each key frame can be used over and over again by simply calling it repeatedly from the computer score.

Stop-Motion Animation : Moving a special effects puppet or model/creature a small amount and recording a single frame (or small number of frames) so that when the film is played back at a normal speed it appears to move. The disadvantage with this form of animation is that it can sometimes appear to ‘strobe’, partly due to the lack of blur between the frames.

Three-dimensional modeling : Geometrical descriptions of an object using polygons or solids in three dimensions (x,y,z coordinates) for the purpose of creating the illusion of height, width and depth.

================================================================

C) Post Production

Edit : The process of assembling video clips, audio tracks, graphics and other source marerial into a presentable package.

Off-Line Edit : A “draft” edit, usually prepared in an off-line edit suite (at a lower cost), then taken to an on-line facility to make the final cut.

On-Line Edit : The final version of an edit, prepared in a professional edit facility.

Non-linear editing : An approach to video editing made possible by digital video recordings. As in word processing, video segments can be inserted between two existing segments without erasing either. Unlike the approach required when editing analog video , segments do not need to “laid down” in the sequence in which they will later be shown.

Off-line editing : The steps during the edit process when a preliminary selection of usable shots and scenes is made, and the tentative sequence of these elements is decided. This process is typically done with lower cost, simpler editing equipment than is found in a professional edit suite (where on-line editing is done). Using off-line editing can significantly reduce the total cost of a producation.

On-line editing : The steps during the edit process when the compilation of final program is done. When affordable, this is done in a professional edit suite with high quality equipment. If off-line editing had been done, the edit decision list from that phase guides the on-line edit process, typically minimizing the time and cost in the professional edit suite.

Post Production : The phases of production that occur after the recording, filming, or taping. This includes editing, mixing, effects, dubbing, compression, mastering, etc.

Render Farm : A group of computers which work together to perform the computation-intensive tasks of 3-D rendering.

================================================================

D) Motion Capture

Mocap : The process of recording the data from human movement so that it can be used for 3D characters created on a computer. Mocap can be used for 3D animations for film, TV and games, and for special effects work. There are wireless, magnetic motion capture systems, and optical systems, which track markers attached to the animator.

Performance Capture : The recording of a performance, either human or animal, using a Motion Capture system (or similar technology) – difference being that you can motion capture a Table, but it is cannot give a performance. Special Effects Blue (or Green)

Screen : A system that replaces a specified colour (blue in this case) with images from another source. This can either be done optically (eg. using film) or electronically (eg. in video, also known as Chroma-Key in video). Some computer systems look at pixel in the scene and determine whether to replace that pixel with the other video source. Better computer systems allow ‘some’ of the colour of the pixel from 1 image and ‘some’ from another image. The better systems could be take transparent objects (eg. bottles) or smoke and combine these with the images from another source.

Chroma-Key : Keying out parts of an image which contain a particular colour (or colours). Eg. replacing a blue or green background with images from another source.

Composite : To combine two or more individual images onto one piece of film by photographic or digital means. Early compositing was accomplished in the camera by masking part of the scene when filming, rewinding the film and removing the matte and shooting again to expose the previously masked portion. Digital compositing is commonplace, in which multiple film images are scanned into the computer, combined digitally, and output to a single piece of film.

Motion Control : Controling the motion of a camera or special effects object (eg. model space ship etc), using commands from a computer, so that the exact moves can be repeated as many times. This makes it easy to composite it (ie.combine it with another shot).

Rotoscoping : Drawing around something in the frame so that an effect can be applied to that part of the film. If an animated creature has to go behind something in the live action piece of film, that object can be drawn around so a matte can be created, so that the createure will not show over the top of that object. If the camera is moving, then each frame of film would have to be rotoscoped. If the camera is still, then the same matte can probably be used for all frames in that shot. Rotoscoping was first used by the Fleischers for making cartoons. The Fleischers invented the Rotoscope, which is a device for projecting live-action film on to paper frame by frame, so that the outline could be traced and used as a guide for the animation. The Rotoscope consists of an animation camera and a light source (usually using a prism behind the movement and the lamp house attached to the camera’s open door) that projects a print through the camera’s lense and the projected image is then traced to create a matte. The lamp house is then removed and the raw stock placed in the camera and the drawings are filmed through the same lense that projected the image. The resulting image will then fit the original image if the two strips of film are run bi-packed in the same projector movment (using an optical printer). In digital film effects work, rotoscoping refers to any drawn matte, as both images can be seen compisited while the matte is being drawn, so good results can be achieved.

Virtual Sets : Sets which are generated (at least partially) from data within a computer. Mostly used for TV work, these systems replace the real set (eg. an empty studio) with a computer generated set, allowing the actor/presenter to move in the foreground. eg. the background is ‘keyed out’ and replaced with the set which has been created in a 3D package (eg. Softimage or 3D Studio Max), and any camera movements will be duplicated by the ‘virtual camera’. This will require a powerful computer, especially if it is to be done in real-time, for example a Silicon Graphics machine. The method of keeping track of the camera movement (so that it can be duplicated in the 3D computer set) is different for the various sytems. Some systems use a blue grid painted on the back wall of a studio of a known size. A red LED is projected onto the cameras and the actor/presenter so that they too can be tracked throughout the set.

Visual effects (also called optical or photographic effects) : Special effects achieved with the aid of photographic or digital technology, occurring after the principal photography, or main shooting, of a film. Includes miniatures, optical and digital effects, matte paintings, stop-motion animation, and computer-generated imagery (CGI).

Wire Removal : Removal of unwanted wires, rods, etc. from a piece of film by replacing them with what would have been seen if they weren’t there (eg. the background). This can be done by replacing them with the same area from another frame in which the wires/rods were not visible, or by averaging the colours on either side of the wire and replacing it with the average.

================================================================

E) New Media

A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is in relation to “old” media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines, that are static representations of text and graphics. New media includes:

* Web sites* streaming audio and video* chat rooms* e-mail* online communities* Web advertising* DVD and CD-ROM media* virtual reality environments* integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony* digital cameras* mobile computing

Use of the term new media implies that the data communication is happening between desktop and laptop computers and handhelds , such as PDAs , and the media they take data from, such as compact discs.

For more Information please visit Inner Esteem Motion Capture Studios

About the Author

A Motion Capture assistant of Inner EsteemMotion Capture Studios

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: database, mysql, programming, software, table lamp diagram, tools

Tags: database, mysql, programming, software, table lamp diagram, tools

Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan

Compositional Characterization of Endosperm (Guar Gum) of Six Guar

(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan

* Murwan K. Sabahelkheir and ** Abdelwahab H. Abdalla

* Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan

** Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum,

Sudan.

Abstract: This study was conducted in 1999, University of Khartoum. Six guar genotypes were selected from 45 genotypes grown in Sudan for study. The results revealed that the chemical compositions of endosperm of guar seed are as follow: 4.8-8.7% moisture, 3.5-5.0% protein, 0.5-0.9% ether extract, 0.5-0.8% ash, 1.4- 2.0% crude fiber and 83.3-87.5% carbohydrates while physical characters are:1.2337 refractive indices, 0.20-0.47 relative viscousty (distilled water as solvent), 0.37-.56 relative viscousty (4% NaCL as solvent), 5.0-7.0 pH, +20  to +76 specific rotation and 0.035-.0.050 optical density. Ash compositions of endosperm are: 13.000-19.000 ppm Potassium, 55.000-100.000 ppm Sodium, 2.500-13.000 % Magnesium, 15.000-22.000 % Phosphorus and 11.000-38.000 ppm Iron. The total available carbohydrates as mannose and galactose were ranged 67-73% and 28-33%, respectively. Ratio of mannose to galactose in the endosperm was 2:1.

Keyword: Guar, Endosperm, Mannose and Galactose.

1.0 Introduction

Guar seed (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) composed of the hull (30 -33%), endosperm (27 -30%) and germ (43 -47%). The germ and hull of the guar seeds are known as guar meal, which rich in protein, hence used for the cattle feed. The germ has toxic effect but recently advanced research has been made on the germ to reduce its toxic effect and to make it suitable of animal consumption as a rich source of the protein (Murwan, 1999). The endosperm is commercially important part in the guar seed, as it is converted into powder gum. It contains 41% of the dry weight and acetone insoluble solids of the seed,

3 – 11% of the nitrogen and phosphorus. At least 75% of acetone insoluble solids of the endosperm are galactomannose and 12% being accounted for as pentosan, protein, pectin, phytin, ash and dilute acid insoluble residue (John, 1976).The guar crop is acquired an economic importance after the discovery of the gummy substance (Galactomannan) in its endosperm (Murwan, 2008) Galactomannans are composed of a b 1 – 4 mannan backbone with varying degree of  a 1 – 6 galactose substitution and are found in the cell wall of legume endosperm(Marten et al., 2001). Guar seeds are a rich source of mucilage or gum which forms a viscous gel in cold water and used as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer in a wide range of food and industrial application (Marina et al, 2007).Guar galactomannan has a mannose to galactose( M:G) ratio of  6:1 (Edwards et al, 1992). The pure mannan without galactose is completely insoluble in the water and the increasing of galactose substitution increase the solubility of the polymer by allowing it to become attended (Noble, 1986 and Stephen, 1983). The mannose to galactose ratio is 2:1, guar gum is insoluble in organic solvent, molecular weight range is 50.000 – 80.000 and gum is a white to yellowish white, nearly odourless, free flowing powder with a bland taste (Yoko, 2008). Objectives of this study were estimated the proximate analysis, physical characters, minerals contents, mannose, galactose, ratio of mannose to galactose and tannin content of endosperm of sex guar genotypes grown in Sudan.

2.0 Materials and methods

2.1 Collection and preparation of samples: Sex guar genotypes (X1H6, X1H7, X2H0, X2H4, X2H6 and X2H8) were collected from the Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, and University of Khartoum, Sudan. The seeds of the sex guar genotypes were soaked in water for 12 hours and then hand pounded to separate the endosperm from the hull and germ. The separated endosperms were then dried at 105oC and then ground to pass 0.2 mm screen.

2.2 Chemical analysis: Protein, moisture, ether extract, ash, and crude fiber contents were determined as described by AOAC (1984).Carbohydrates content was determined by difference.

2.3 Physical analysis: Refractive indices, specific rotation, relative viscousty, pH value ad optical density were determined as described by AOAC (1990).

2.4 Ash composition: Minerals contents of endosperm were extracted according to method described by Pearson (1970).The measurement of minerals was done by using atomic absorption.

2.5 Total available carbohydrates: Total available carbohydrates content of endosperms were determined as described in Anthrone method by Clegg (1958).

Galactose and mannose dilution: 100mg of galactose were dissolved in 100 ml distilled water (1mg = 10 ml).Then 10 ml of strong galactose solution was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water to make the dilute galactose solution. The same procedure was done to make the dilute mannose

Anthrone reagent (0.1%):100 mg Anthrone was dissolved in 100 ml sulphuric acid (270 ml concentrated H2SO4 was dissolved in 300 ml distilled water).

Procedure: One ml from each dilute sample, galactose and mannose was pepetted into a series of test tubes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Then 5 ml of the Anthrone reagent was added to each test tube, then content of each test tube was heated in water bath for 12 minutes and allow cooling to room temperature. Spectrophotometer was set up at 360 nm, so that the scale read zero with distilled water. Then the dilute sample, galactose and mannose were read.

CHO as galactose (mannose) % =    25 X B

S X A

Where: B = Reading of dilute sample, A = Reading of dilute galactose (mannose) and S = Weight of origin sample

2.6 Tannin content: Quantative estimation of tannin for each separated- endosperm was carried out using the modified vanillin-HCL in methanol method as described by Price et al (1978). A standard curve was prepared expressing the results as Catechin equivalent, i.e. amount of the catechin (mg/ml) which gives a colour intensity equivalent to that given by tannins after correction for blank.

2.7 Statistical analysis: A test of homogeneity for error variance for each variable was done according to Gomez and Gomez (1984).

3.0Results and discussion

3.1 Chemical composition: Table 1 illustrated the proximate composition of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The moisture content of endosperm ranged from 4.8 – 8.7%, which is higher than those reported by Thomas (1980) and lower than those given by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962). The results revealed that there is highly significant difference in moisture content at level (p ?0.05).Protein content ranged 3.5 – 5.0%.The findings are in agreement with results given by Thomas (1980).These results indicated there is significant difference in protein content at level (p ?0.05).Ether extract of endosperm ranged from 0.5 – 0.9%, which within the range reported by Maria (1988).The findings indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0.05).The ash content ranged from 0.5 – 0.8%, which falls within range reported by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962).

The results revealed there is significant difference at level (p ?0.05).Crude fiber contents ranged from 1.4 – 2.0%, which is online with those range that given by Stein, Hall and Co. (1962).In addition to that there is no significant difference at level (p ?0.05).

Carbohydrates contents were varied from 83.3 – 87.5%, which is higher than values reported by Thomas (1980). The results revealed there is significant difference at level

(p ?0.05).

3.2 Physical characters: Table 2 illustrated the physical characters of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The mean values of refractive indices are 1.2337. The results indicated that there is no variation in refractive indices at concentration 0.1mg/ 100 ml for the overall endosperms. Relative viscousty of endosperm ranged from 0.20 – 0.47(used water as solvent) and varied from 0.37 – 0.65 (used 4% NaCL as solvent).

It was found that relative viscousty, when 4% NaCL used as solvent, is higher than when distilled water used as solvent. This findings indicated that the relative viscosity is effected by the types of solvents The results indicated that there is significant difference in both distilled water and 4%NaCL at level (p ?0.05).pH values varied from 5.0 – 7.0, which fell within range reported by Whistler (1954).The findings indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0.05). Specific rotation ranged from + 20 to + 76.

In addition to that there is significant difference at level (p ?0.05). Optical density ranged from 0.035 – 0.050. The results revealed that there is significantly difference at level (p ?0.05).

3.3 Ash composition: Table 3 illustrated the ash composition of endosperm of six guar genotypes seeds. The mean value of Potassium ranged from 13.000 – 19.000 ppm.The findings indicated that there is no significantly difference at level (p ?0.05). Sodium content varied from 55.000 – 100.000 ppm. The findings revealed that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0.05). Calcium mean ranged from 3.500 – 5.500 ppm, the results indicated that there is significant difference at level (p ?0.05). Magnesium content varied from 2.500 – 13.000 %. It indicated that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0.05). The mean values of Phosphorus ranged from 15.500 – 22.000 %.The results revealed that there is highly significant difference at level

1. (p ?0.05). Iron content varied from 11.000 – 38.000 ppm. It was   revealed that there is highly significant difference at level (p ?0.05).

3.4 Total available Carbohydrates and tannin contents: Table 4 illustrated the total available carbohydrates and tannin content of endosperm of sex guar genotypes seeds. Total available carbohydrates as mannose ranged from 67 – 73% while the total available carbohydrates as galactose ranged from 28 – 33%. These results indicated that the mannose to galactose ratio is 2: 1, which is similar to those values given by Whistler (1954), Painter (1979) and (Yoko, 2008), but it is differ to value given by (Edwards et al, 1992).The tannin content ranged from 445 – 450 mg/100g. The similar results were reported for guar seeds soaked in water for different time intervals (Majed et al.2006).

1. In addition to that there is no significant difference at level (p ?0.05).

Conclusion: It is concluded that the variation in chemical, physical, ash composition, total available carbohydrate and tannin content is controlled by genetic or environment factors under which plant material were tested  

Acknowledgement: Authors extremely indebted to the soul of Dr. Karmalla K.A., Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan, to whom we express our enormous gratitude for his patience continuos guidance, meticulous and fundamental throughout this study.

Reference:

1. AOAC (1984). Official methods of Analysis.14th edition. Published by AOAC Inc. IIII North 19th Street.210 Arlington, Virginia 22209 USA.

2. A.OAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis 15th ed., Association of Official and Analytical Chemists. Washington, D.C.

3. Clegg K.M. (1958). In total available carbohydrates (Anthrone method) J.Sci.Agric., 7:40.

4. Edwards M. E., C.Scott, M.J.Gidley and J.S. Reid (1992). Control of mannose / galactose during galactomannan formation in developing legume seeds. Planta 1992; 187:67 -74, doi10; 1007/BF00201625.

5. Gomez T.P. and A.A.Gomez (1984). Statistical Procedure for Agriculture Research .John Wiley and Sons Inc.  New York, USA.

6. John H. M., G.N. William and F.W.Herman (1976).The Role of the Endosperm in the Germination of Legumes: Galactomannan, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Change in the Germination of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba; Leguminosae). American Journal of Botany, 63(6), pp 790 – 797.

7. Majed B.A., A.H Rashed, E.A. Mohamed, B.H.Amro and E.B. Elfadil (2006) Proximate Composition , Ant nutritional Factors and Protein Fractions of Guar Gum Seeds as influenced by processing Treatment. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(5):481 -484.

8. Marina N., I.T.Jerez, S.A., J.I.He, P.X.Zhao, R.A.Dixon, and G.D.May (2007). Analysis of cDNA libraries from developing seeds of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba (L.) Taub). BMC Plant Biology 7:62 doi:10.1186/471-2229-/7/62.

9. Marten J. J. Marcussen and J.Brunstedt (2001). In vivo modification of the cell wall polysaccharide galactomannan of guar transformed with a ? –galactosidase gene from senna.Molecular Breeding 7:211 – 219.

10. Murwan K.S. and A.H. Abdalla (2008). Yield and Yield Components of Forty Five Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba) Genotypes Grown in Sudan. Nile Basin Research Journal, 11(4); 48 -54.

12. Murwan K.S (1999).Improvement of Yield and Quality of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoba).Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

13. Noble O., D.Perez, C.Rochas and F. Travel (989). Optical rotation of branched polysaccharides. Polymer Bulletin, 16:175 -180, doi, 10;1007/BF00955488./

14. Painter T.J, J.J. Gonzalez and P.C. Hemmer (1979).In study distribution of D- galactosyl in Guaran. Carbohyd. Res.69:2.

15. Pearson D. (1970). The Chemical Analysis of Food.Edn.by Egon H.., Kirk R.S., Sawyer, New York.

.16. Price M.L. and L.C. Butler (1980).Tannin and Nutrition .Station Bulletin No.272.Adriculture Experiment Station .Purdue University, West Lafayette.Indian

17. Stein, Hall and Co (1962). Jaguar guar gum Stein, Hall and Co, New York.

18. Stephen A. M., (1983).Other polysaccharides .In Aspinal G.O editor.

The polysaccharides, Vol. 2.New York Academic Press 1983; pp.97 -195.

19. Thomas T.A., B.S. Dabas and D.D.Chopra (1980).Guar gum has many uses. Indian Farming, 32(4): 7 – 10.

20. Whistler R.L. (1954).Guar gum, Locust bean, and others. In: Natural Plant Hydrocolloids. Pp. 45 – 50. American Chemistry Society, Washington, D.C.

21.. Yoko K. (2008). Guar Gum, Chemical Technical Assessment (CTA), 2008- Page 1(4).Ph.D. 69TH JECFA.

Table1: Proximate analysis of an endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes.

Parameters / Samples

Moisture

%

Protein

%

Ether extract

%

Ash

%

Crude fiber

%

Carbohydrates

%

X1H6

6.5

3.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

87.5

X1H7

7.4

4.5

0.9

0.5

1.4

85.3

X2H0

4.8

4.4

0.8

0.8

1.9

87.3

X2H4

8.7

4.0

0.7

1.3

2.0

83.3

X2H6

7.8

5.0

0.7

0.8

1.9

83.8

X2H8

6.8

5.5

0.7

1.0

1.4

84.6

* Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis.

Table 2: Physical characters of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes

Parameters / Samples

Refractive indices

Relative viscousty

pH

Specific rotation

Optical density

(water)

(4% NaCL)

X1H6

1.2337

0.47

0.48

5.0

+ 36

0.035

X1H7

1.2337

0.29

0.65

5.0

+ 76

0.035

X2H0

1.2337

0.33

0.45

5.0

+ 59

0.035

X2H4

1.2337

0.25

0.37

7.0

+ 75

0.050

X2H6

1.2337

0.47

0.64

6.0

+ 17

0.040

X2H8

1.2337

0.20

0.45

5.0

+ 20

0.040

* Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis.

Table 3: Mineral contents (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P and Fe) of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes

Parameters / Samples

K ppm

Na ppm

Ca ppm

Mg %

P %

Fe ppm

X1H6

16.000

65.000

5.500

7.500

15.500

11.000

X1H7

19.000

100.000

3.500

7.500

22.000

26.000

X2H0

19.000

65.000

3.500

2.500

19.000

11.000

X2H4

13.000

85.000

3.500

4.000

18.000

37.000

X2H6

16.000

75.000

4.500

13.000

17.000

38.000

X2H6

18.000

55.000

3.500

2.500

19.000

15.000

*Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis.

Table 4: Mannose, galactose and ratio of mannose to galactose of endosperm (Guar Gum) of sex guar genotypes

Samples

X1H6

X1H7

X2H0

X2H4

X2H6

X2H6

Mannose (M) %

70

71

67

73

70

71

Galactose(G) %

30

33

33

28

30

29

M : G  ratio

2:1

2:1

2:1

2:1

2:1

2:1

Tannin content mg/100 g

445

450

450

445

430

450

* Each value is average of two replicates expressed on dry weight basis.

About the Author

* Murwan K. Sabahelkheir and ** Abdelwahab H. Abdalla

* Department of Biochemistry, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan

** Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum,

Sudan.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: del.icio.us, ideas, opengl, programming, reference

Tags: del.icio.us, ideas, opengl, programming, reference

Even More Interesting Cheerleading Fundraising Ideas

Cheerleading fundraising activities help to maintain an adequate supply of funds for financing trips, buying new equipments, participating in competitions and other related events.

Being Creative Can Speak Volumes

Cheerleading fundraising ideas have evolved a lot with time. You get to see modern trendy variations replacing the traditional fundraising activities like car washes and bake sales. The current cheerleading fundraising ideas tend to have a creative bent to make them more appealing. Cheerleading fundraisers can also be added to by financial donations and support from local businesses to add to the volume of the collected money.

Fun And Fabulous Fashion Shows

With some fundraising squads, a yearly fashion show is a noted feature that pulls the crowds. Such shows are perked up by garments donated from the neighborhood stores and these are returned to the stores after the show is over. Such shows fix an entry charge of one dollar and opens stalls for distributing snacks and drinks among the audience. This is really an active and beneficial fundraising technique and can help a cheerleading squad to earn hundreds of dollars.

Social Service Projects

You can think of community service as a popular cheerleading fundraising activity. The cheerleading squads can arrange a bottle drive in Saturdays and Sundays afternoons or any other holiday. The best time to hold bottle excursions is the Memorial Day weekend when it can expect the full presence of the community members. The fundraisers should inform the residents a week in advance about the time they will come for the bottles. After the bottles are picked, the residents give the cheerleaders small amounts of money, which is stored for future sports requirements.

Mmm Mmmm Good!

Cheerleading fundraising ideas should be different by being crazy. The wilder you can be in your endeavors, the more eyeballs you will grab. Keeping in tow of baseball team activities like dunk tanks and pie tosses, some fundraisers organize pudding slings. This apparently messy thing is a great fun to watch and participate with people throwing balls of chocolate, butterscotch, vanilla, or pistachio pudding on their preferred cheerleading member.

Saying It Out Loud With Colors

Some fundraising activities enjoy wild popularity because of the plain reason that they are organized in schools and are loaded with youthfulness. It is really cost effective to cut out a number of stars from glossy papers dyed in school colors. You have to make these stars attractive by attaching glitters and stickers on them. You can open a stall or two to sell these decked up stars for a dollar or more. These stars can also be used to decorate the strategic locations within the school premises. Also, make a big star and ask the students to sign their names upon it by way of showing their support.

Balloon Fun For All

Another way of holding the attention of young people in a fundraising drive is to organize a “Balloon Tag”. For this, you need a lot of balloons. Fill them with helium for making them float. You can use a center Table amidst a youthful gathering to sell these balloons. A balloon bought by a person must be tagged for someone and that person has to wear that balloon to show his support for the tagged individual. You can charge a dollar for tagging the balloons and include students and teachers alike in this activity.

But whatever you do, just try to have fun and it will go over well. That is the general, unspoken rule of fundraising.

About the Author

Jessi McCafferty writes about fundraising and recommends the friendly folks over at http://www.easy-fundraising-ideas.com/ as a great resource for accurate information and profitable
Cheerleading fundraising ideas
. Easy Fundraising Ideas is the fastest growing internet based fundraising company in the country. With their legendary service and help, they make you the hero! Check out Easy Fundraising Ideas today!

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: bookmarklet, creative table number ideas, design, programming, reference, visualization

Tags: bookmarklet, creative table number ideas, design, programming, reference, visualization

Solar Powered Lighting Products – Beating Financial Blues

Most of the people, around the world, are coming up with numerous strategies to save money during these financially depressed days. Either it could be canceling or shortening the foreign trips and holidays or refraining from buying something costly and expensive.

However, the latest and the most unique method people are mad about is nothing but installing solar powered lighting components. Interestingly, the benefits of installing solar lights all around is not only confined to cost cutting and saving only.

There are benefits which can be seen behind the walls too. These solar lighting products can be minimizing green house effects, curbing the density of pollutants, saving the electricity etc. It is just like killing half a dozen birds with a single shot.

So I won’t be surprised if you are seen with a variety of solar lighting products, after reading this article, ready to get installed. Remember, if you make it a habit, you will find yourself nearer to nature and will play an effective role to ensure a denting cut into the soaring global warming.

Look out for the solar lights you can have for your home which are effective means to save some money.

Solar Garden Lights –

Solar Path Lamps : Replace all your electricity powered path lamps with solar versions. The walkways amid your gardens will look more than enchanting with solar path lights hanging on stakes beside them. You don’t require technicians to install them.

Solar Spotlights : Mostly used at the time of festivals and lawn parties. As the name suggests, they help to bring a particular thing in your garden to limelight. It can be some beautiful trees, or the antique statues you want to get noticed by all. Just hang these lights on the stake and install them around the target.

Solar Accent Lights : Such lights too are used to highlight something special in your garden. Most of the times, such lights are aligned beside the flower beds . Also they are use to do the same beside the lines of bushes. They are installed with stakes around the garden.

Solar Yard Lamps –

Though they tend to be expensive, they are most useful for a long run. As the market prices are falling so such yard lamps can be found quite cheaper also. They store the energy too quickly and can produce light only in minutes. They don’t require any wiring or other lighting accessories, so they are moderately cheaper lighting components, aren’t they?

Solar Table Lamps :

Such solar table lamps will prove a befitting real-life experience for your school going children. Undoubtedly, a chapter in their science books must be dedicated to solar light, so what a great idea to buy a solar lamp or two to help them understand the importance of solar energy.

Always buy a LED ( light emitting diode) based solar table lamps. By the time they study under the solar lamps, you keep counting the bills you saved on electricity.

Solar Pool Lights :

Anyone who owns a pool, indoor or out door, can be most benefited by such solar pool lights. You will be delighted when we you will swim along these floating lights in the nights. So can there be something more fanciful than swimming with such solar pool lights without spending a single penny

They are ultimately user friendly and can be moved and relocated at will. However, these are not confined to swimming pools only. You can illuminate your fountains and everything else where you use water for aesthetic pleasure.

About the Author

Explore some of the best lighting components here.

If you love to know more about tips and tricks related to home improvement, check out my posts on tips and tricks.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: ajax, design, javascript, programming, table lamp components, webdesign

Tags: ajax, design, javascript, programming, table lamp components, webdesign

Create a Cowboy Western Theme Room in 6 Easy Steps

To create an unbelievable looking cowboy western theme room all you need to do is follow six easy steps. Is there work involved? Of course there is but the work is both fun and rewarding and you’ll be amazed how great your room looks when you’re finished.

Step 1

The first thing you need to do is come up with a wall color scheme that you like and has a western feel to it. There are various ways to do this and here is one great way that always works. Go to your local library or look online for cowboy western photos. Have a look at the bar rooms, the old hotels, the western scenery and so on. Why? Because you’ll find some great looking wall color schemes. Some will be two-tone while others have a single wall color. This is a great way to start your brainstorming and come up with a fun and unique wall color for your cowboy western room.

Step 2

Next you’ll want to come up with a floor style. Deciding on the type of flooring you want in your cowboy theme room really depends on exactly where that cowboy western room is located. For example if it were in your basement game room then a checkered floor with earth tone ceramic tiles would be what you want.

If it’s in a different part of your home like a home office or bedroom then you’ll want to look into hardwood or laminate flooring. The key to a great looking country western floor is the country western look and feel. With a dark hardwood floor you get that look and feel for a price. If you want something cheaper then laminate can and does replicate hardwood very well and is much cheaper.

If you already have flooring down and don’t want to change a thing then you can always look into western style rugs to place around the room. That way you’ll have a great western look and feel and not have to tear up and lay down a new floor.

Step 3

The third step is fairly easy and very fun to complete. Now that you have painted your room using a country western flair and are finished with the flooring you can start to cover your bare walls.

Step 3 is all about finding the perfect western posters, prints and artwork to hang in your cowboy western room. Whether you’re going for a cowboy theme, a bar room look and feel or just a general western style adding posters and pictures is fun.

One of the best places to find these types of prints are at local second hand stores believe it or not. Sometimes you can find original pictures or posters and that is always fun and they will look great in your western theme room. If you’re not into second hand stuff then besides going all out at the local country western theme store have a look online first. Check out some internet auction sites as you’ll find a large assortment of western wall hangings to add to your room.

Step 4

Now it’s time to add western lighting to your room. This is a major part of creating a great western theme room that’s both fun and functional.

There are various ways to bring western lighting into your room. The first way is to add a couple vintage western lanterns to your tabletops or bar. These add to the overall western look and feel. Next find a wall sconce or two with cowboys or bulls. For low lit situations these are truly beautiful and a must for your country western room.

To actually bring light into your room you’ll need something bigger like a chandelier or pub lamp / Swag Lamp. Whether you go with an antler chandelier or one that’s rustic looking it’ll do the trick. Swag and pub Lamps are good for game rooms. And country western themed Table Lamps are great for just about any room in your home.

Now you almost have a complete country western room with only two steps to go.

Step 5

So you have the lighting done but what good is it if you don’t have anywhere to sit and enjoy the atmosphere. So Step 5 is all about adding country western furniture.

Here’s where personal comfort comes in. There is some great looking western furniture made from wagon wheels. Personally I love that look but comfort wise it’s probably not the best choice. Basically any type of furniture that has a brown tint to it would work in your western theme room.

But if you want something more western then go with hand carved or log furniture. You’ll give your western room an outdoors feeling and that is always fun and unique.

Step 6

Step 6 is all about finishing off your Great Looking Cowboy / Country Western Room. How do you do that? You do that by adding the best, the coolest and the most unique western accessories and decorations you can find. This is where you imagination comes in handy.

Look for things that will enhance the overall western experience for friends and family. For example look for little things like a cast iron bottle opener or boot spurs. Add in a neat “Weather Rock Forecaster” for fun. Add an antler clock and if you’re making a western game room add some vintage looking “wanted posters” and whisky bottles as decorations. Basically use your imagination and your western theme room will be the best in the state.

Now depending on how much time you have, creating your country western theme room could take anywhere from a week to a year. But don’t rush it, take your time and enjoy the process. It may end up being a lifelong process of continually adding and subtracting neat western items. But that is the joy and fun when creating a theme room. Now you know the six simple steps to get you started so why wait? Start Today!

About the Author

Visit our Western Makeover Page to learn more about creating a fun country western theme.

Find Fun Game Room Design Ideas and useful information on creating a game room for the whole family right here.

 Mail this post

Technorati Tags: ajax, database, javascript, library table lamps, programming, webdesign

Tags: ajax, database, javascript, library table lamps, programming, webdesign