31
Mar
Posts Tagged ‘web2.0’
Why Indo-US Nuclear Co-operation? A Historical – Analytical Perspective
“Nuclear Power” is a manifold term. It can describe the production of electricity as well as nuclear weapons capability; the ambiguity of “nuclear power” makes the term especially appropriate in Indian context. Indian quest for nuclear capability began even before India gained independence in 1947, these men sought to win for their country all the prestige, status, and economic benefits associated with being a nuclear power, including the option of building “the bomb” if necessary. The capacity to master atoms represented modernity, potential prosperity transcendence of the colonial post, individual and national prowess, and international leverage.
Jawaharlal Nehru stated that India must develop atomic energy, indeed he was very clear in his thought about the use of atomic energy when he said, “I do not know to distinguish the two (peaceful and defense purposes) I think we must develop it for peaceful purposes of course if we are compelled as a nation to use it for other purposes, possibly no pious sentiments will stop the nation from using it that way.” He along with Homi Bhabha, a distinguish physicist, played a leading role in drafting India’s nuclear programme. Atomic Energy commission. (AEC) was established in 1948 this was followed by the establishment of the department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954 to execute the policies and program of the AEC. Right from the beginning the Indian nuclear research spread it interest across the entire nuclear fuel cycle. Accordingly, in course of time the DAE established many subsidiaries: Five research center: Five Government owned bodies/ companies Nuclear power cooperation to design, construct and operate nuclear power plants. Uranium cooperation of India Ltd – to mine and mill the uranium, Heavy water reactor to run heavy water plants and Nuclear fuel complex to manufacture nuclear fuel for reactors. It has also established the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board in 1983 to oversee and enforce all nuclear operations.
From the beginning, there was friction between India’s nuclear program and the larger international effort to control nuclear technology and materials In 1948, the United Nations grappled with the U.S. inspired attempt to establish international contour over fissile materials and the facilities that could mine, process, and utilize them, both for peaceful and military purposes. That proposal to create an International Atomic Development authority to own and operate all materials, technologies, and facilities with potential nuclear weapon applications caused significant consternation for newly independent India which was holding great stock of atomic future; India feared that the plans of United States and other great powers were yet another colonial strategy. At this juncture Nehru unveiled a four-year plan to begin developing India’s nuclear capability, starting with surveying for atomic materials and processing monazite to obtain thorium Applications of atomic energy in medicine and biology were also announced, Bhabha began discreetly to seek terminal information on reactor theory, design, and technology from the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. The thrust of these activities was to move beyond theoretical research to application of technology.
India’s movement toward nuclear independence son ran afoul of US interests. In July 1953 an Indian government owned company prepared to put two tons of Thorium Nitrate on a Polish ship in Bombay stated for eventual delivery to China. Thorium Nitrate is a material useful as a potential nuclear fuel. American through the Mutual Defense Assistance Act of 1951-required that the United States deny any from of military, economic, or financial assistance to a county trading such material to the Soviet Union or it satellites, which included china, Thus, U.S Ambassador to India George V. Allen informed Nehru that transfer of the Thorium Nitrate would compel the united states to cut of all its programs in India. Nehru responded vehemently that India would never vitiate its sovereignty and allow the United States to actuate what India could trade with whom. Nor would India accept political steins attached to aid. The dispute brewed through the summer as Nehru remained intransigent and U.S officials confronted an unbending legal mandate. Finally, Secretary of State John foster Dulles offered a compromise, India agreeing to state that the Thorium Nitrate was going to China only for commercial purposes, and that India had contacted China without the knowledge of the U.S legislation’s applicability on India. The thorium nitrate episode exacerbated already-strained Indo-American relations and foreshadowed similar disputes between India’s sovereign interests in nuclear independence and American Law and policies designed to prevent nuclear proliferation.
INDIA – CANADA CIVIL NUCLEAR AGREEMENT AND U.S SUPPLY OF
HEAVY WATER FOR CANDU REACTOR.
The first indigenous research reactor, Apsara a “swimming pool reactor” of 1MW was established with the technical assistance of UK, which became critical in August 1950. The second reactor CIRUS – a 40 MWe Heavy Water moderated, Light Water cooled, natural uranium fuelled reactor was supplied by Canada during 1955, it became critical with heavy water supplied by the US subsequently. This reactor was considered an efficient producer of plutonium, for it has high nutrition economy. The plant for separating plutonium from the spent fuel irradiated at the CIRUS reactor was designed and constructed at Tomboy by an American firm. During the same period of 1954-74 as many Indian nuclear scientist, were trained in the US and another 263 were trained in Canada. The heavy water production facility built at Nangal with German assistance became functional in 1962 and seven more plants were built by 1991.
In early 1955, members of the US Joint committee on Atomic Energy visited India to promote the expansion of peaceful applications of atomic. This meeting engendered mutual interest in supplying India with heavy water that could be used to moderate the planned CIRCUS reactor, which was the source of the plutonium. Also in 1955 Prime Minister Nehru persuaded the leaders of the International community to make Homi Bhabha the president of the first UN conference on the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy, held, in Geneva in July and August. This conference facilitated the dissemination of newly declassified technical papers on atomic energy. This background indicates how inconsequential nonproliferation concerns were for U.S. and Canadian policymakers in this period.
TARAPUR AGREEMENT, POKHRAN I & THE ESTRANGEMENT OF INDIA –
UNITED STATES RELATIONS
The differences between India and US on the continued supply of low enriched uranium to the Tarapur Atomic power station (TAPS) based on the Indo-US agreement of 1963 would be unrealistic to underestimate. The Planning Commission of the government of India approved the construction of India’s first Atomic power station under the country’s Third Five-year plan. It was decided to install this plant in the Western region and to supply the power generated to the states Gujarat and Maharastra. In August 1960 the decision to build the first Atomic Power Reactors at Tarapur, 100 kilometers north of Bombay, was made. Global tenders were invited by the Department of Atomic energy for this project and the one submitted by the International General Electric Company of the U.S. was found to be the most suitable. An Indo-US bilateral agreement relating specifically to this project was signed on August 8, 1963. Under a loan Agreement dated December 1963, the U.S agency for International Development made the grant available for the project. Further, the U.S AEC India contract signed on May 17, 1966, agreed to provide fuel throughout the life of this station, The Tarapur Atomic power station (TAPS) consists of two reactors of the Boiling Water Type, each generating over 200 MWe. The reactors are fuelled with LEU and moderated by light water.
The 1963 agreement has rightly been characterized as “unique among U.S bilateral agreements in that it provides for the exclusive use of US. Fuel Tarapur reactors, and in exchange for a U.S. guarantee of it supply. This provision played a central role in securing initial Indian acceptance of safeguards at Tarapur”. The applicable domestic laws or polices of the United States of America with respect to ownership and supply of special nuclear material for use by the seller’s domestic distributes may be changed according to the agreement. In 1971 the contract was amended at Washington’s request precisely because the U.S law regarding ownership was changed. The private ownership of special Nuclear Material Act was amended to permit private ownership of nuclear fuel
POKHRAN I
In May 18, 1974, the desert village of Lokhari, near Pokhran (also spelled Pokharan) in the western Indian state of Rajasthan shook with the detonation of a nuclear explosive device 107 meters below to ground.
The Indian government declared it “a peaceful nuclear explosion experiment.” The Atomic Energy Commission stated that India had “no intention of producing nuclear weapons.” Indira Gandhi told a press conference “there’s nothing to get excited about. This is our normal research and study. But we are firmly committed to only peaceful uses of atomic energy.”
Prime Minister India Gandhi, while repeating to platefuls of non-alignment, reoriented India’s foreign policy, basing it less on adherence to moral principles and more on the imperatives of statecraft. Some Indian analysts argue that US pressure on India during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war also convinced Indira Gandhi of the signal importance of developing India’s military nuclear capabilities. No authoritative public chronology exists of Indian decision-making regarding the 1974 explosion.
FUEL PROBLEMS IN TARAPUR AGREEMENT
In 1963 agreement gains the US the right to require the return of equipment transferred and the special nuclear material produced that from in the event of non-compliance” with the guarantees of safeguards on India’s part. In 1963 Agreement provides that when the nuclear material “Utilized in Tarapur requires reprocessing, such reprocessing may be performed in Indian facilities upon a point determination of the parties that the provisional agreement correlating to safeguards may be effectively applied.”
The U.S built Tarapur facility, which played no role in India’s 1974 underground explosion, was initially under international safeguards following the passage of to1978 Nuclear Non-proliferation Act (NNPA) and then the United States terminated nuclear cooperation with India in 1980. The NNPA required scientist receiving US nuclear technology or materials to accept full scope safeguards, placing all of their facilities under international inspection. This action included termination of sales of fuel and spare parts fuel Tarapur. India’s commitment to maintain safeguards on the Tarapur reactors and spent fuel, the Reagan Administration concluded a tripartite agreement with India and France in 1983 under which low enriched Uranium from China was supplied to Tarapur under IAEA safeguards.
INDIA’S 1998 NUCLEAR EXPLOSION THE REACTION OF US: -
The years 1997-1998 proved momentous for India in term of its domestic policies within the span of one year. With the collapse of the shaky united front government in December 1997, new national elections were called for February -March 1998. The BJP emerged as the latest single party within parliament and, with the support of a number of regional parties it assumed power.
The BJP’s election manifesto had spoken of the perceived need to “induct” nuclear weapons into India’s arsenal along with a “strategic review” of India’s security environment. This trigger came in the fuel of Pakistan’s test of an intermediate-range ballistic missile, code-named Ghauri, on April 6, 1998 that was built with Chinese assistance. Its range would enable Pakistan to target twenty size cities of India.
Three factors drove India’s decision to test it nuclear weapons in 1998. The first was the incremental and fitful acquisition of the capability to manufacture nuclear weapons.
The evolution of the nuclear program and the 1998 test were product of calculated practical choices based upon considerations of national security. Perceived threats form China and Pakistan was also key factors in India’s decision to test. Many foreign and several Indian political commentators have dismissed the security impetrations underlying the Indian nuclear weapons program as well as the Indian tests, while privileging other explanations based on considerations of status, prestige, and the short-term exigencies to domestic policies woes, still much of the conventional wisdom dismiss India’s felt security needs and blithely asserts that India would be better of without nuclear weapons.
NEXT STEP IN STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP (NSSP) INDIA & US
AGREEMENT: –
The Relations between India and their US in the nuclear area have large been based on suspicion and mutual distrust after Pokhran I resulting in India’s isolation from the global civil nuclear energy cooperation regime. Even though by Pokhran II, the would order had changed with the end of the cold war and the demise of the Soviet Union, this distrust of Indian continued. In the aftermath of the September 11th event there was a change in the US altitude towards India. The proposed nuclear deal with US is the culmination and result of the process of mutual understanding set in motion in the aftermath Pokhran II. Mutual appreciation of each other’s energy and security needs in the changing world was identified as one of the key areas of possible cooperation in the Next Step In Strategic Partnership (NSSP) between the United States
Civil nuclear cooperation was identified as one of the key areas of possible cooperation in the Next step in strategic partnership (NSSP) between India and the United States. This process is to end India’s isolation from global nuclear trade regimes.
In January 2004 the United States and India agreed it expand cooperation in three specific areas: – civilian nuclear activities, civilian space programs, and high technology trade. “In November 2001, Prime Minister Vajpayee committed our countries to strategic partnership, since then, two countries have strengthened bilateral cooperation significantly in several areas.
This has included implementation of measures to address proliferation concerns and to ensure compliance with U.S export controls. The efforts have enabled the United States to make modifications to US export licensing policies that will foster cooperation in commercial space programs and permit certain exports to power plant at safeguarded nuclear facilities. These Modifications, including removing the Indian space Research organization (ISRO) Headquarters from the department of commence Entity list, are fully consistent with US government non-proliferation laws, obligations, and objectives. Indo-US relations in general were on an upward suring after Bill Clinton’s visit to India in March 2000.
INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL:
The Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and US President George W. Bush put joint statement of July 18, 2005 to enable fuel civil nuclear energy cooperation with India covering aspects of the associated nuclear fuel cycle.
COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF THE INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL:
(a) Birth of the Deal: -
The India and United States of America put agreement was during the former Prime Minister A.B. Vajpayee, under the Next Step in Strategic Partnership (NSSP) but after the 14th Lok Sabha Election BJP government was defeated by Congress.
(b) Joint – statement:
After several years of negotiations by the NDA Government and later by the UPA government, the prime minister of India and the president of United States of America signed an agreement on the strategic relationship between the two countries on July 18, 2005. That agreement devoted three paragraphs to cooperation in civil nuclear energy. Specifically, it said that “as a responsible state with advanced nuclear technology, India should acquire the same benefits and advantages as other such states, president Bush promised that he would “also seek agreement form congress to adjusts US laws and policies, and the United States will work with friends and allies to adjust international regimes to enable full civil nuclear energy cooperation and trade with India.” In return India agreed to separate its civilian and military nuclear. Facilities and programmes in a phased manner, to place most of the civilian facilities under IAEA safeguards. To sign an additional protocol with the IAGA, to continue its unilateral moratorium on testing, and to work with the US on concluding at a multilateral level the fissile material cut off Treaty. (FMCT)
Though there was some concern about the statement regarding the FMCT, the statement about adjusting, US laws and international regimes suggested that this agreement would being us to the nuclear Table as a de-facto nuclear power, in recognition of the realities of the day. It would also allow us to agreement our indigenous nuclear power programme with imported reactors, sued as the Russian WER reactor already under construction at Kudankalam.
C. The separation plan: -
The problems with the nuclear deal commend with the very next step- the separation plan .
- Finally, the separation plan also spells out that, to further guard against any disruption of fuel supplies, the united states is prepared to take the following additional steps” These include
(1) The united states is willing to incorporate assurances regarding fuel supply in the bilateral US- India agreement:
(2) The United States will join India in seeking to negotiate with the IAEA and India-specific fuel supply agreement.
We know that the US has reneged on both points. The bilateral 123 Agreement contains only vague reassurances and no concrete assurances and India is negotiation with the IAEA alone, not jointly with the U.S if the US has already. Before the deal is done, turned it back on us, it argues ill for the future of the relationship.
d. The Hyde Act: -
The Henry J. Hyde United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act of 2006 is known as the Hyde Act. It is the parent act of 123 Agreement. Hyde Act is the legal framework for a bilateral pact between the United States and India under which the US will provide access to civilian nuclear technology and access to nuclear fuel in exchange for IAEA safeguards on civilian Indian reactors. This act provides the legal basis for a 123 Agreement with India. The 123 Agreement requires approval from US Congress as well as Indian Cabinet. It will define the exact terms and conditions for bilateral civilian nuclear cooperation. Signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) are granted access to civilian nuclear technology from each other as well as nuclear fuel via the Nuclear Suppliers Group in exchange for International Atomic Energy Agency-verified compliance of the NPT tenets. India, Israel, and Pakistan, however, have not signed the NPT, arguing that instead of addressing the central objective of universal and comprehensive non-proliferation, the treaty creates a club of “nuclear haves” and a larger group of “nuclear have-nots” by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967.This Act provides the legal basis for the 123 Agreement with India, even though the provisions of both the acts are not entirely similar. It was necessary to pen down this Act because under the US Atomic Energy Act, it cannot have nuclear cooperation with a country that is not a signatory of the Non Proliferation Treaty. The Hyde Act enables US to sign a pact with India, which hasn’t signed the NPT.
After this, the US produced a document and submitted it to their Congress for amendment of their Atomic Energy Act. This was deeply debated in the US with testimonies from several experts in that country. Going through all these statements, the Indian public was worried that the US Congress may prescribe condition not intended in the July 2005 agreement. By Nov. 2005 the US passed the Hyde Act for Indo-US cooperation in civil nuclear energy.
e. The 123 Agreement: -
A ‘123 Agreement’ refers to Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, which indicates the terms that must be included in U.S. agreements for nuclear cooperation with other states. An Agreement for Cooperation must be established under the criteria outlined in the Atomic Energy Act in order for the U.S. to authorize the transfer of civil nuclear technology to other nations. The United States has entered into agreements with the following states or groups of states:
Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Egypt, European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) 1, Indonesia International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Japan, Kazakhstan, Republic of Korea, Morocco, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland, Taiwan and Thailand.
This important of the Indo- US nuclear relations after a series of negotiations the government of India announced that it has initiated a 123 Agreement, without publishing the detail. This aerated political protests it was made public. The text of the agreement state that: each party shall implement this agreement in accordance with its respective applicable national, laws, regulations, and license requirements concerning the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes”. By agreeing to the present draft of the 123 Agreement, India has agreed to accept all the provisions of the Hyde Act.
Further, the 123 Agreement also states “India will place its civilian nuclear facilities under India-specific safeguards in perpetuity and negotiate and appropriate safeguards agreement to this end with the IAEA.” The 123 Agreement seems to allow India the right to reprocess irradiated Uranium, and carry out several processes towards a closed fuel –cycle, though the details as enumerated are not well thought-out. Naturally the political upheaval against this agreement was intense. There were debates in public force, in the committees of the political parties as well as amongst some concerned scientists.
(f) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Specific safeguards: -
The 123 Agreement clearly states that: The US will join India in seeking to negotiate with the IAEA an India- specific fuel supply agreement. The negotiations with IAEA completed six rounds of talks and then it was announced that the text of the agreement was almost finial.. The Indian case is unique in the sense that it is neither a nuclear weapon state nor a non-weapon state as envisaged by the NPT. Hence the safeguards” and the “additional protocol” has to be India specific. Now the Board of Governors has approved the India specific IAEA safeguards agreement. The agreement that will open India’s 14 of the 22 existing and future nuclear reactors for inspections by the UN nuclear watchdog got the green signal from the 35-member Board of Governors of the IAEA after a three-hour meeting.
(g) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) clearance: -
NSG is a team of 45 members and as a cartel to prevent proliferation of nuclear weapons, it was created as a reaction to India’s 1974 peaceful nuclear explosion. Technological sanctions imposed upon India after India’s nuclear test and the its non accession to the NPT and CTBT created a sense of estrangement in India’s nuclear industry. To avail the full benefits of the proposed Indo-US nuclear deal, the 45 members’ cartel has to approve and sanction a waiver for India. After a hard diplomatic struggle, the Nuclear Suppliers Group reportedly gave a clean waiver to India to the full satisfaction of the Manmohan Singh Government. The opponents of the Indo-US civilian nuclear cooperation initiative, however, continued to find fault with the outcome of the NSG deliberations. The US has, by amending the NSG rule, ensured a level playing field for its own.
How Indo- US Deal will increase nuclear power generation:
- India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have 20,000-MWe nuclear capacities online by 2020, subject to an opening of international trade. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.
- Because India is outside the nuclear non-proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons program, it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant of materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy.
- The nuclear weapons capability of India has arisen independently of tits civil nuclear fuel cycle and uses indigenous Uranium.
- Because of its relative isolation in International trade and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit it reserves of thorium.
INDIA’S NUCLEAR TRADE ISOLATION ENDS
India signed a nuclear agreement with French nuclear giant Areva to build a nuclear power plant and supply of nuclear fuel on Feb. 4th this year. Areva will supply two Europian Pressurised Reacters (EPRs) of 1650 MWe each for the plant to be built at Jathiapur in Maharashtra. Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission Anil Kakodkar said this was just the beginning.
This study provided a comprehensive overview of the India’s nuclear relationship with the United States. Historically, the United States with its non proliferation agenda targeted threshold states like India so that nuclear weapons could be a complete prerogative of the super powers alone. However with the changes in the structures of world politics, the United States has come to accommodate India’s civilian nuclear preferences. India’s indigenous nuclear power programme was a challenge to the established locus of powers. It can be safely assumed that the United States has now come to accept the importance of India and the IAEA clearance and the NSG waiver is a testimony to this fact. It gives a historical picture of the relationship between two countries. History if deconstructed shows that United States is accepting a transition from the conventional superpower acronym to the more accommodative superpower. This shows that if India’s indigenous nuclear power programme could progress with success, the Indo-US nuclear deal is a clear improvement from the estrangement suffered. Contemporary history shows that India – US relations is taking a broader assignment hitherto underdone.
ENDNOTES
George Perkovich India’s Nuclear bomb.The impact on Global proliferation, University of California press, London, 1999
A.G. Noorani, “Indo-Us Nuclear Relations”, Asian Survey Vol. XXI. No.4. April 1989,
Mohammed B.Alam, India’s Nuclear Policy, Mital Publications Delhi-110035 1988
George perkovich, India’s Nuclear bomb,The impact on Global proliferation, university of California press, London, 1999.
V.N.Khanna, India’s Nuclear Doctrine Samskriti, New Delhi-2000.
Ganguly Sumit, “ India’s Pathway to Pokhran-II, The prospects and Sources of New Delhi’s Nuclear Weapons Program”, International Security, Vol-23, No.4, 1999.
About the Author
Jipson V. Paul
MA.and MPhil Politics and International Relations from M G.University Kerala. Doing PhD in Pondichery Cental University Puducherry and curently working as a lecturer in ST. Mary’s College Sulthanbathery, Wayanad
Mail this post
Tags: bookmark, bookmarks, del.icio.us, social, web2.0
Chicago Style Paper Format : What Pages Do I Need With My Chicago (Turabian) Style Paper?
If you are writing a thesis or dissertation or any formal paper using Chicago (Turabian) Style, you have several options for deciding which pages to include in your paper. Some pages are required, while others are optional for your thesis or dissertation. I have listed the page descriptions (below) in the order in which they should appear in your Chicago (Turabian) Style paper. Always start each of these sections on a new page. Most of them will only require one page.
A) TITLE. On the title page, which is required, all text must be double-spaced using uppercase characters. Center the text both horizontally and vertically. Begin with the name of the educational institution, followed by the title. Next, list the committee to which you’re submitting the dissertation or thesis, along with the department or college for which you’re submitting it. Then include the word “BY” on a separate line, followed by the author’s name. Finally, place the city and state where you wrote the paper, along with the month and year of graduation. Place extra horizontal lines between each section on the title page, allowing you to center it vertically on the paper. Keep in mind that the title page is the first of the “display” pages in Chicago (Turabian) Style, but you do not number it.
B) COPYRIGHT PAGE OR BLANK PAGE. This page is immediately after the title page, and you need to either include a copyright notice or leave the page blank. The blank (or mostly blank) page prevents characters on the first main text page from bleeding through the title page. For the copyright, near the bottom of the page, type “Copyright,” the copyright symbol, the year the paper was written, and the name of the author. On the next line, indent and type, “All rights reserved” with no punctuation marks. Do not number this page, either, but you do count it in your pagination. The next display page will be “iii” in roman numerals.
C) DEDICATION. A dedication page is an optional page. Simply type “To” followed by the name of the person(s) to which you want to dedicate the paper.
D) EPIGRAPH PAGE. The epigraph page, which may contain a poem or quotation, is optional.
E) Table OF CONTENTS. The table of contents is an optional page, and it should be numbered as part of the display pages. It is an organized listing of the contents of the paper, providing page numbers to the various sections and headings in the paper. The reader can use the table of contents to jump to a particular section of the paper. When listing chapter headings in the table of contents, make sure they exactly match the chapter headings in the text. Use a leader to connect the chapter heading or section name (aligned on the left) with the page number (aligned on the right). Type “CONTENTS” or “TABLE OF CONTENTS” centered at the top of the page.
F) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND LIST OF TABLES. These optional pages are part of the display pages, and you should only use them if you have illustrations and tables in your paper. List each illustration or table with the appropriate title and page number, connected by a leader. Right-align the page number and left-align the title of each table or figure.
G) PREFACE. The preface is another optional display page. The author can list the motivation for the project and acknowledgements.
H) LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OR GLOSSARY. If you have a lot of odd abbreviations or terms in your paper, you can list them on one of these optional pages.
I) ABSTRACT. Use an abstract page to briefly summarize the contents of the thesis or dissertation. It’s an optional display page.
J) MAIN TEXT. Begin numbering the main text with Arabic numerals, and you should no longer use the lowercase roman numerals from the display pages. Each Arabic page number should appear in the upper right corner of each page. If you have a chapter heading or another type of main heading at the top of a page, you may center the page number at the bottom of the page.
K) APPENDIX. Use the optional appendix page(s) for material that doesn’t quite fit into the main text, such as complex tables or technical notes. You may have more than one appendix. Each appendix should deal with a different idea or topic. Number them either with letters or numbers, such as “Appendix A” and “B” and “C,” for example.
L) BIBLIOGRAPHY OR REFERENCE LIST. Include your bibliography after the final main text page or appendix page on a new page. The reference list page should include all works that you’ve cited in your paper, listed alphabetically. (We’ll discuss citing references in another article.) Make sure you continue the Arabic page numbering throughout the bibliography pages.
About the Author
Brian Scott is a professional freelance writer with over a decade of experience. He recommends using an
Chicago Style writing software
to correctly write and format papers in Chicago Style, available at
http://www.masterfreelancer.com/download-chicago-style-formatting-software.php
|
|
Critical Theory Today: A User-Friendly Guide $30.00 This new edition of the classic guide offers a thorough and accessible introduction to contemporary critical theory. It provides in-depth coverage of the most common approaches to literary analysis today: feminism, psychoanalysis, Marxism, reader-response theory, new criticism, structuralism and semiotics, deconstruction, new historicism, cultural criticism, lesbian/gay/queer theory, African-Ameri… |
|
|
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers $2.87 Paperback, 9″ X 6″. Second Printing Sixth Edition…. |
|
|
Educational Psychology: Developing Learners (6th Edition) $35.00 A leading text for introductory educational psychology courses, Jeanne Ormrod’s Educational Psychology: Developing Learners is known for its exceptionally clear and engaging writing, its in-depth focus on learning, and its extensive concrete applications. Its unique approach helps students understand concepts by encouraging them to examine their own learning and then showing them how to apply the… |
Mail this post
Tags: bookmark, bookmarks, research, social, table of contents examples mla, web2.0
27
Feb
Data Table Makers
Closing the gaps in enterprise data security: A model for 360˚ protection
Closing the gaps in enterprise data security: A model for 360? protection
Businesses adapt to increased mobility and expanded connectivity: Evolving data threats
Mobile computing and global networking cast a new light on data security issues as, in response, organizations reassess the technologies in use within their IT infrastructures and reconsider the ways in which staff members, customers and partners communicate. Solutions that do not provide the appropriate balance between protection and usability must be discarded in favor of solutions that effectively minimize risks of data theft or loss, achieve compliance with existing regulations and equip personnel with tools that help them work productively and securely.
The crux of the matter is simple: Business processes today rely on vastly different methods of data storage and data exchange than even a few years ago. These changes in the computing landscape make it essential that companies adopt a very different approach to security. According to the Forrester Research report, “The State Of Enterprise IT Security: 2008 To 2009,” 90% of organizations say that data security is “important” or “very important” and would get high priority in 2009.
The following sections detail three possible scenarios illustrating how these individual threats can affect the business operations, data integrity and overall security of organizations.
Scenario one: Theft of a mobile computing device
Scenario two: Losing removable media containing confidential data
Scenario three: The insider threat
Each section also provides recommendations as to how each individual threat can be minimized by using technology that is available today. The objective is to provide full 360-degree security that protects against the widest range of attack vectors.
Scenario one: Theft of mobile computing device
California-based Company A, a channel partner of a global chip manufacturer, has designed a promising media player. Product manager Sally Ortez worked closely with the chip maker to negotiate the specifics of the processor purchases, product rollout plans, marketing strategy, projected sales in various channel outlets and product road map details.
Ortez routinely kept all documents relevant to the collaboration on her notebook computer, including proprietary information under a non-disclosure agreement with the manufacturer. At a large trade show in Hong Kong, Ortez was navigating the packed aisles of vendors and technology companies with her computer bag secured by its strap over her shoulder. After she was bumped from behind, someone quickly cut the strap of the bag and grabbed it. Police efforts to locate the thief failed.
Five days later, the full specifications of the unreleased processor showed up on the Internet, along with the marketing plan for the media player and product road map. A day after that, the chip manufacturer cancelled the channel co-marketing plans with Company A and threatened legal action because of the disclosure. Ortez never recovered the lost notebook.
The mobile workforce depends on smaller, lighter and more portable computing devices to get their work done in the field. Their reliance on these computing devices heightens the importance of protecting the information on them from loss, theft or viewing by unauthorized individuals. The 2008 CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey reports that laptop theft/fraud ranks among the top three threats, with 42% of security professionals who responded citing it.
As reported by a number of different sources, theft of mobile computing equipment is all too common and—without protection—the information stored on systems is easily accessible to thieves. Even a power-on password and other forms of single-factor authentication are of little use in guarding against theft or loss.
However, encrypting the data on mobile computing devices makes it inaccessible to thieves and outsiders, and provides a level of data protection that is both prudent and responsible.
Solution: SafeGuard Enterprise
With SafeGuard Enterprise the ending to the previous scenario could have been much different. Consider this alternative ending.
Following the advice of a leading data security publication, the director of IT operations at Company A implemented a policy to perform full hard disk encryption on all company notebook computers using SafeGuard Enterprise The software deployment took place overnight. Following the initial usage, which requires a simple log-in process, employees using single sign-on (SSO) need only enter their password once to access the computer, just as they had done previously. Employees didn’t notice any difference in the behavior of their laptops.
During the Hong Kong trade show, Sally Ortez lost her notebook computer when her computer bag was snatched in a crowd. Because of the strong encryption protection on these devices, there was no potential for the disclosure of any sensitive data, and the business partnership with the chip maker continued to flourish. Company A also avoided having to notify companies and individuals about the stolen data, as is required by California SB 1386 for any losses of unencrypted data. Encryption preserved both the data privacy and a valuable business relationship to the benefit of everyone involved in this scenario.
Industry-leading encryption solutions from Sophos deliver enterprise-caliber data security, giving mobile workers the confidence and protection to travel freely without being concerned about revealing information that could damage both their company and their career.
SafeGuard Enterprise effectively protects data on mobile computing devices—including laptops and netbooks.
Scenario two: Losing removable media containing confidential data
Fabian Bredcowski worked as a technical support specialist for Company B, a thriving New England-based computer retailer, and was privy to files and information stored on the Company B servers—all of which were strongly protected by a corporate firewall and rigorous authentication and access protections.
Bredcowski took security seriously, but he was also tenacious about pursuing solutions to problems— even when away from the workplace. After dealing with one particularly vexing support question that he could not resolve over the phone, Bredcowski couldn’t get the problem out of his mind and decided to work on it at home with his home computer. At the end of the day, he hastily copied the tech support customer files to a 1GB memory stick and slipped it into a pocket in his wallet. The files included contact information and personal data about several hundred Company B customers.
On the way home, Bredcowski stopped at a local restaurant for a take-out dinner. His wallet slipped out of his pocket and fell to the ground when he got out of the car. The driver of the next car that pulled into the lot noticed the wallet, picked it up and found the memory stick inside. He pocketed both and quickly drove off.
When Bredcowski reached for his wallet to pay for his dinner, he was shocked to find it was missing. At the same instant, he realized the memory stick with private customer data was inside. Conscientiously, he reported the loss to his supervisor, who was furious that, as a matter of policy, Company B would have to notify each customer of the personal data loss—a grave reflection on the company’s handling of personal information. For this breach, Bredcowski was docked the cost of mailing the data loss announcements and demoted to a position in the shipping department. For several months after the event, the customer support personnel at Company B had to respond to a steady stream of phone and mail complaints from customers disturbed that their personal information had been treated so casually.
The increased storage capacities and evolving form factors of removable media create a new vector of possible data loss. Securing removable hard disk drives, flash memory devices, optical discs, magnetic media, memory sticks and similar media should be a top priority for security strategists within an organization.
The compact size and lightweight form factors of removable media devices make them especially prone to loss or theft. Such potential security breaches can damage customer relationships and result in financial losses for the businesses involved.
Protect sensitive data and intellectual property residing on endpoint devices: Encryption prevents unauthorized access to hard drives, flash memory cards, optical discs, memory sticks and similar media.
Solution: SafeGuard Data Exchange
The use of SafeGuard Data Exchange could have resulted in a very different ending to this story. Consider this alternative scenario. After dealing with the difficult support question that he could not resolve over the phone, Bredcowski copied the relevant files to a 1GB memory stick protected by the SafeGuard Data Exchange solution. All data being stored on the memory stick was automatically encrypted, protected by a secure password that Bredcowski previously assigned.
The loss of his wallet in the restaurant parking lot turned out to be a personal tragedy; but the driver who stole both the wallet and the memory stick had no way to access any of the data files because they were encrypted. Although Bredcowski reported the loss to his supervisor, no action was taken because the data on the memory stick was securely protected. For several months afterward, Bredcowski had to deal with fraudulent charges on his credit cards; but the good customers at Company B were protected from the potential revelation of their personal information and the company maintained its strong reputation.
SafeGuard Data Exchange provides security-to-go for all forms of removable media. As a reasonable precaution against loss or theft, this solution ensures consistent, effective protection of commonly used media storage devices in your company. To ensure that confidential information remains confidential, you can configure SafeGuard Data Exchange to prevent any sensitive data from leaving the company on a removable medium without first being encrypted. As an additional measure of protection, access to any unencrypted data stored on removable media can simply be denied.
Scenario three: The insider threat
Wendy Profolo had been working as a contract software developer since her mid-twenties, and her proficiency and integrity gained her a good deal of trust. In her new assignment for Company C, she was quickly provided network access and her manager was pleased to see her making steady progress on the coding project she had been given. What her manager did not know was that Profolo had a serious gambling problem and had become proficient at finding ways to exploit information extracted from a company server to cope with her rising gambling debts.
Within two weeks, Profolo managed to modify her access privileges, scour the network file structures to retrieve a dozen corporate credit card numbers, gather personal information about the executive board that might later prove useful, accumulate financial records that she thought might be sold to a Taiwanese competitor of Company C and steal the source code for a revolutionary new product that the company was developing. Profolo was caught one evening as she was trolling through the human resources files by one of the janitors, who was startled to see his name up on her screen and immediately reported her to her supervisor. Profolo is serving time at a minimum-security prison and, as a result of this experience, Company C currently relies on encryption to protect sensitive resources stored on corporate servers.
Threats from insiders—whether contractors working on software code, disaffected administrators acting maliciously or rogue personnel with unknown agendas—are among the most insidious data threat scenarios. The
2008 CSI Computer Crime and Security Survey reports that insider abuse ranks among the top two concerns, with 44% of the security professionals who responded citing the threat.
A comprehensive data protection strategy should address this potential risk and find techniques to mitigate it.
First, consider the range of assets that insiders theoretically can view or access, and then employ decisive measures to secure these assets against unauthorized viewing. This may include file access on internal LANs, server content that is accessible to insiders and information stored casually on workstations or notebooks physically accessible on desks and tables within a facility.
Solution: SafeGuard LAN Crypt
Before Company C hired Wendy Profolo, a savvy manager in the software engineering group procured a trial copy of SafeGuard LAN Crypt. Impressed by the capabilities of the software application, the manager purchased and installed a licensed version of the product. Following Profolo’s hiring, despite a progression of attempts to penetrate the encrypted server contents, she eventually realized that there was no possible way to access protected files and folders on the LAN.
Given this situation, Profolo was forced to confront her problem and her supervisor helped her gain admission to a 12-step gambling addiction program, which successfully brought her problem under control. Profolo has bounced back and focused her skills on application design, recently becoming a valued, full-time employee of the company.
SafeGuard LAN Crypt prevents confidential information stored on company servers from being viewed by anyone without the appropriate authorization. In any organization where insiders have potential access to the contents of servers, encryption provides an effective means of guarding sensitive information from prying eyes.
Embracing a 360° approach to data protection
As discussed throughout this paper, maintaining data privacy and confidentiality is an essential component of any data security strategy designed to contend with today’s data threats. With a suite of data security solutions based on advanced encryption technology, Sophos products directly address the three stages in the data life cycle: the endpoint or the back end (data at rest), during transmission (data in motion) and during processing (data in use). The prevailing model of the open enterprise—where mobile workers, removable media and increased networking generate new threats—requires a strategy that aligns business practices with full, comprehensive data protection.
Central management and oversight of data protection measures give organizations a means to ensure that the security policies in force are enacted consistently throughout the organization. SafeGuard solutions combine central management with the key security components to provide a unified approach to data protection—an important factor in countering data threats.
About the Author
This article was provided by Sophos and is reproduced here with their full permission. Sophos provides full data protection services including: security software, encryption software, antivirus, and malware.
Mail this post
Tags: academic, charts, data table makers, reference, tools, web2.0
18
Feb
Table Maker Online Free
Sim Free Mobile Phones: Ensure Non-stop Communication Power
We live in a world which is fast progressing towards a destination where men and machines work hand-in-hand. The pace at which we are moving ahead is accelerating at a tremendous high – it’s time to feel the unstoppable thriller! Yes, the technical ignition in the mobile phone industry is getting bigger and better each passing day unleashing many a possibilities for us, the users. A bunch of mobile phone makers have established their names in the stepping stones of popularity all through their high end features and intelligent marketing strategies. Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Motorola have already been in the mobile phone manufacturing scenario for quite some time now, even consumer electronics brands like LG and Samsung have also jumped into the cut-throat mobile world.
Now the question is what has fuelled in the immense popularity of the mobile phones? With life becoming busy than ever, we hardly get any time to stand in front of our tables and make a landline call. Mobile phones not only help us in making and receiving calls on the move but also give us ultimate entertainment on our fingertips -thanks to features like music, camera, web access, gaming etc. Another reason for the growing popularity of mobile phone is that mobile phones have now become a lot more cheaper than the earlier years. You can now buy a feature-rich mobile phone without cutting a big whole in your pocket.
With the advent of the Internet, you can buy your handset right from the comfort of your home. What’s more, you can avail many a attractive mobile phone deals as well. If you are not interested in those deals, you can opt for sim free mobile phones which come with no network connection. To put it another way, sim free mobile phones are unlocked mobile phones which can be purchased online or from any mobile outlet. You buy the handset and select a connection from a network service provide and ensure non-stop communication power.
About the Author
Mobile Phones a complete stand of offers you Sim Free mobile Phones mobile phones with best networks on Contract Mobile Phones with 3 to 12 months deals.
Mail this post
Tags: css, design, table maker online free, tools, web2.0, webdesign
Upcoming Mobile Platforms: No Smooth Ride For Apple Ahead
Apple had introduced its much anticipated tablet PC, called iPad in a special event on January 27, 2010. It is predicted that the device is for future and will outperform devices like Amazon Kindle; various touch devices and other Windows based tablets. However, after the recent Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, it seems that Apple will face severe competition in the future from different vendors.
Sony Ericsson launched five new devices and Microsoft introduced its new Windows Phone 7. Nokia, Intel joined hands to merge their individual Linux platforms to introduce MeeGo platform. Here, the feature discusses about the initiatives from various biggies that would certainly pose threat to iPad, which will be available from March, 2010.
Microsoft’s Windows Mobile 7
In the event, the Redmond based software giant had unveiled its Windows Mobile 7 and the devices based on the software. Microsoft claims that the new operating system will combine users’ entire life, work, play, social networking, and media, all in a single device. These devices would take care of six general points, namely People, Pictures, Games, Music & Video, Marketplace and Office. With so much functionality, it is presumed that the WINPHONE 7 would compete with Apple’s iPhone.
Meanwhile, it is expected that the company is working with several OEM partners to release the first Windows Phone 7 devices by the end of this year. LG Electronics has recently announced that it will launch smartphone based on WinMo 7 by September, this year.
Further, channel insiders are also predicting that the company will combine its Zune device with the latest software to deliver a superior product.
Sony Ericsson Vivaz, X10
Sony Ericsson had unveiled five devices in the event, which include Vivaz, Vivaz Pro, X10, X10 Mini and X10 Mini Pro. After worst 2009, the company is eyeing 2010 with some cool devices. The company claims that the handsets will provide best build quality, a human and exciting experience, all integrated with services and applications.
All the devices are loaded with lot of high quality features like crystal-clear 3.2″ HD touchscreen, various connectivity options, 3.5mm audio jack, and great cameras. Few come with slide-out QWERTY keyboard. Vivaz is powered by Symbian platform, whereas X10 versions feature Google’s Android operating system.
Nokia-Intel’s MeeGo
The joint venture between the two giants, Nokia Corp, the largest mobile phone maker and Intel Corp, the largest chipmaker had jointly announced a new platform, called MeeGo by the combination of their Linux Platforms – Maemo and Moblin.
Both existing platforms are open-source & Linux-based, further the hybrid platform will also be based on the same technology. It seems that the new platform will offer advance features to the next generation of devices. Moreover, it is expected that the new platform will compete with Apple and Google in the smartphone market.
Discussion
Apple is dominating the premium market with its devices and app store. Nokia wants to excel in the segment and also updates its Ovi store. Further, with WinMo 7, Microsoft also expects a big push in the mobile operating system market. Therefore, it seems that the iPhone maker will face stiff competition in the future.
About the Author
Content Writer
|
|
ASUS Eee PC 1015PX-PU17-BU 10.1-Inch Netbook (Blue) $329.99 Dual-Core Power; All Day Computing Powered by the new Intel® Atom™ N570 dual-core processor, Eee PC 1015PX-P is the latest addition to the Eee PC Seashell series to provide perfect combination of multi-tasking productivity, with a richer multimedia and Internet experience. Thanks to the ASUS-exclusive Super Hybrid Engine technology, you have the perfect travel companion that lasts up to an i… |
|
|
Bamboo Fun (Small) Black Tablet with Pen, Mouse & Graphics Software $99.99 BAMBOO FUN SMALL BLACK TABLET… |
|
|
Gateway LT2030u 10.1-Inch Red Netbook – Over 7 Hours of Battery Life (Windows 7 Starter) $349.99 The ultra-portable design of the Gateway LT netbook (model LT2030u) is ideal for those on the move who need a quick, easy way to connect to the Internet and stay in touch with family and friends. Weighing less than 3 pounds, it features a 10.1-inch LED-backlit display and an easy typing keyboard. Check e-mail, communicate with friends via VOIP and webcam, share photos, surf the web, listen to musi… |
|
|
Microsoft Streets & Trips with GPS Locator 2011 $29.99 Microsoft Streets and Trips 2009 with GPS Locator ZV3-00023 1123… |
|
|
Street Atlas USA 2011 Plus $35.99 DELORME MAPPING AO-008326-203 STREET ATLAS USA 2011 PLUS… |
Mail this post
Tags: best tablet pc software 2009, freeware, opensource, software, tools, web2.0
Would Windows 7 Rub Off Windows Vista Drag?
On January 30, 2007, Microsoft had released its Windows Vista operating system for personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. However, due to its extensive demand for hardware improvements and other requirements for up gradation, it could not satisfy organizations as well as consumers.
The ten year old horse, Windows XP is still leading the charts with about 65% market share up till December, 2009. Meanwhile, the company has updated its Windows operating system line up with Windows 7 launch, which is supposed to be a better improvement as compared to Vista.
Windows 7
Unlike its earlier versions, Windows 7 is more mature and focused product. The company has made it fully compatible with apps and hardware with which Windows Vista is already compatible. Further, its Aero theme, multi-touch capability, boot time, security, Windows XP Mode, etc has increased utility in the businesses as well as in masses.
On October, 22, Microsoft also released Windows 7′s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2 to the market. Further, reviews of Windows 7 were mostly positive, and it seems that the new operating system will succeed the Windows XP and it is where Microsoft needed to go.
Recent Market Share
It is reported that Windows 7 has been gaining market share at the expense of Windows XP. While Vista still has about 20% share in the market, Windows 7 crossed ten percent mark. Due to increased sales of PCs powered by Windows 7, Microsoft reported record revenues of $19.02 billion for the second quarter ended Dec. 31, 2009. As of January, all Windows versions accounted for about 92% of devices accessing the Web.
Windows 7 SP1
Before the launch of Windows 7 operating system in the market, various research firms said that enterprises should wait for Windows 7 SP1 before switching to the new software. Recently, the company has typically rolled up the improvements into multiple Service Packs (SP). But, as such there is no information about when “SP1″ for Windows 7 can be expected. Meanwhile, leading analysts insisted that it is safe for companies to switch for new operating system.
Is Microsoft wants to kill XP for W 7?
At present, Windows XP is leading the market and Microsoft wants to encash the opportunity for all those people who declined to move to Vista, by switching to Windows 7. To fasten the process, the Redmond Company has introduced EOL (end-of-life) to the nearly decade-old operating system.
The company has announced that it will close down the support for Windows XP SP2 from July 13, 2010, but will offer critical security patches till April 8, 2014. Moreover, from that date, the company will also switch off its support for the Windows 2000 Server/Client.
Discussion
As Windows Vista never comes closer to the XP dominance, the company does not want to repeat with Windows 7. To increase Windows 7 market share, the company has also started various promotional offers to enterprises and SMBs. Further, the company has to focus on the various new operating systems launched by new vendors. The company has also updated its mobile platform with the introduction of WinMo 7 at MWC, Barcelona.
About the Author
Content Writer
Mail this post
Tags: blog, news, tablet computer reviews 2009, technology, tools, web2.0
1
Feb
Table Lamp Size
where can i find cheap stuff for my room?
i trying to find cheap stuff i need two bean bag chairs a lava lamp like lantern lights neon signs a eally small lamp Table like low to the ground cheap beddndg stuff like pillow covers and comforter in blue and green queen sized and a cheap throw carpet please i don’t need halp with all of them if u can help me find atleast one that woud be awesome thx
If you live in England or anywhere near England. You should have a Ikea.
Or if you don’t, I’m sure you have a Ikea? If not I’ll give you a url for the website.
Ikea is like well cheap, and the stuff is really nice.
http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/categories/departments/bedroom/16196/
http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/categories/departments/bedroom/bedroom_rugs/
^^^^^^
Rugs [carpet throw]
http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/categories/departments/bedroom/10652/
^^^^^
Comfoters&Pillows
[For the comforters&pillows you can make your own one, any colour and any size]
http://www.ikea.com/us/en/catalog/products/90080568
^^^
Wooden flooring, if you want that aswell :]
Mail this post
Tags: bookmarks, fluorescent, shopping, social, table lamp size, web2.0
18
Jan
Table Lamps Next
A friend of my husband is going to have a house-warming party this weekend, please suggest a gift.. thanks!?
He’s a businessman, married, have 2 kids, moved into a semi-detached house, quite a fancy one. He was our apartment next-door neighbour for about 3 years. My husband bought him a Table Lamp when he was just moved into their new home somewhere 5 months ago.
i think its better if you give them a flower vase, or dresss.
Mail this post
Tags: diy, home-improvement, news, social, table lamps next, web2.0
16
Jan
Table Lamps Purple
Retro Reborn
With most forms of contemporary design currently taking their lead from 1960′s and 70′s design principles, adding a little retro style to your home will actually keep it bang on trend. The beauty of retro design is that it is so recognizable meaning it only takes a few choice pieces from this period to really shape the theme of a space. The only problem you may have if you decide to incorporate a retro theme into a home scheme, is knowing what to choose. The sixties was a cultural explosion which basically rewrote the design handbook and gave us so many wonderful and exciting new creations, many of which are still being manufactured today.
Firstly you will need to decide on a palette. Oranges, browns and purples were all very popular shades back then. If a psychedelic print wallpaper containing such colours is a little too strong for your tastes (although that would make an excellent feature wall), try a modern white backdrop which will really allow such colours to pop out when used as accents. Cushions and curtains are a brilliant way to incorporate touches of such colours or patterns.
In terms of furniture, it is best to use a mix of old and new designs in order to create an authentic feel that isn’t overly themed. For example, a contemporary settee featuring sixties print orange cushions and lit overhead by an original arca lamp, will really convey the idea of retro without looking like a scene from early days Coronation Street. Teak was a very popular material of the time as was plastic of course so try to incorporate these materials on some level, perhaps giving precedence to teak as plastic can be slightly cold in nature. A teak side board and coffee Table will really set off a room, with plastic included in the shape of accessories such as clocks, magazine racks, Table Lamps or dining chairs.
Really try to adhere to retro spatial ideas around the house if you want to be consistent in your influence. Rather than using walls, designers of the period would indicate the parameters of a spatial zone through the flooring material or by setting areas at slightly different levels. Dropping the level of your sitting area in an open plan design would be the ultimate in authenticity, though a far more practical and affordable solution is to simply lay a rug. A sheep skin, woollen or even cow hide rug would not only add to overall retro theme, it would also tie all the surrounding furniture into a single zone, which basically the same idea.
Giving your home a retro facelift is one of the more fun sides of home DIY. Much of the furniture designs are very playful and at times require a little thought on how to use them as they have attempted to rethink an old theme. Just as in the sixties, you are encouraged to be creative and show a little freedom and flair in your spatial arrangements- choosing retro as a style guide really allows you more interaction with a space, therefore making your home a much more enjoyable and ultimately more rewarding place in which to live.
About the Author
terrysfabrics
|
|
Gold Trim Purple Tablecloth With Tassels Gold Trim Purple Tablecloth With Tassels – Purple fabric tablecloth with gold trim and tassles. 60% Lurex, 20% polyester, 20% nylon. Dry clean only. 40 x 40…. |
|
|
Lava Lite 2124 14.5-Inch Silver Lava Lamp, Yellow Wax/Blue Liquid $17.99 Lavalicious! The enduring popularity of the bubbling LAVA brand lamp has never shone so brightly as in this retro lamp. Blue liquid is paired with green wax that melts to become the hypnotic lava we all know and love…. |
|
|
Lava Lite 14.5-Inch Classic Lava Lamp … |
|
|
GE 48688 60-Watt A19 Reveal Bulbs, 4-Pack $3.29 Four-pack of 60 watt Reveal light bulbs that deliver pure, true light. Light output of 660 lumens. Energy used 60 watts with an average bulb life of 1,000 hours. Four bulbs per package. From GE, General Electric. Price is for four bulbs… |
|
|
Purple and Brown Mod Dots Changing Pad Cover by JoJo Designs $26.99 JoJo Designs Changing Pad Covers are especially created to coordinate with their nursery bedding sets to complete the look and feel of the bedroom theme for your child. Our Changing Pad Covers fit all changing pads up to 17″ x 31″…. |
Mail this post